Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of a large array of lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs), many of which are important signaling molecules involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Previous research has shown that one of such LDEs, trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (tt-DDE), increases inflammation, however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we used click chemistry-based proteomics to identify the cellular targets which are required for the pro-inflammatory effects of tt-DDE. We found that treatment with tt-DDE increased cytokine production, JNK phosphorylation, and activation of NF-κB signaling in macrophage cells, and increased severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic inflammation in mice, demonstrating its pro-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Using click chemistry-based proteomics, we found that tt-DDE directly interacts with Hsp90 and 14–3-3ζ, which are two important proteins involved in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Hsp90 or 14–3-3ζ abolished the pro-inflammatory effects of tt-DDE in macrophage cells. Together, our results support that tt-DDE increases inflammatory responses via Hsp90- and 14–3-3ζ-dependent mechanisms.

多不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化作用导致形成大量脂质衍生的亲电试剂（LDE），其中许多是涉及人类疾病发病机理的重要信号分子。先前的研究表明，这样的LDE之一，反式，反式-2,4-癸二醛（tt-DDE）会增加炎症，但是，其潜在机制尚未得到很好的理解。在这里，我们使用基于点击化学的蛋白质组学来鉴定tt-DDE促炎作用所需的细胞靶标。我们发现用tt-DDE处理可增加细胞因子的产生，JNK磷酸化和巨噬细胞中NF-κB信号的激活，并增加了葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）诱导的小鼠结肠炎症的严重性，表明其促炎作用体外和体内。使用基于点击化学的蛋白质组学，我们发现tt-DDE与Hsp90和14-3-3ζ直接相互作用，Hsp90和14-3-3ζ是与炎症和肿瘤发生有关的两个重要蛋白质。此外，Hsp90或14-3-3ζ的siRNA敲除消除了tt-DDE对巨噬细胞的促炎作用。总之，我们的结果支持tt-DDE通过Hsp90和14-3-3ζ依赖性机制增强炎症反应。