The current research attempts to systematically investigate the causal interactions between renewable energy generation, aggregated energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan both in a short-term and long-term test for the period of 1990–2016. As a primary step, a unit root analysis was conducted employing, among others, an augmented Dickey-Fuller-generalized least squares (ADF-GLS) test. Based on the order of integration I(1), the Johansen and Juselius (JJ) co-integration testing was employed to confirm a long-term causality analysis, which was followed by a vector error correction model (VECM) to calculate the short-run Granger causality analysis. Furthermore, the vector autoregressive (VAR)-based Cholesky test allowed the standard deviation impulse response functions to be generated to explain the responses of variables to arbitrary shocks in the data series under analysis. The empirical findings unearthed the bilateral causal connection between aggregated energy use and economic performance, renewable energy generation and economic performance, and human capital and economic performance. Thus, it confirmed the existence of feedback effects for aggregated energy use, renewable energy generation, and human capital in their relation to economic performance. Likewise, a unilateral positive causal connection was revealed running from renewable energy generation and human capital to aggregated energy use, and from human capital to renewable energy generation in both a long-term and short-term test. Additionally, the causal association running from aggregated energy use and renewable energy generation to economic performance was exposed in a long-term as well as short-term test, hence supporting the growth hypothesis. The findings signified the importance of an enhanced generation of renewable energy along with the promotion of an aggregated energy use for the economic performance in Pakistan.

中文翻译：

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分析巴基斯坦可再生能源发电，能源使用，人力资本和经济绩效之间的长期经验互动

当前的研究试图通过1990-2016年的短期和长期测试系统地研究巴基斯坦可再生能源发电，能源消费总量，人力资本和经济绩效之间的因果关系。第一步，首先进行单位根分析，其中使用增强的Dickey-Fuller-广义最小二乘（ADF-GLS）测试。根据积分I（1）的顺序，采用Johansen和Juselius（JJ）协整检验确定长期因果关系分析，然后进行矢量误差校正模型（VECM）计算短时因果关系。进行格兰杰因果关系分析。此外，基于向量自回归（VAR）的Cholesky检验允许生成标准差冲激响应函数，以解释分析数据序列中变量对任意冲击的响应。经验发现揭示了能源使用总量与经济绩效，可再生能源发电与经济绩效以及人力资本与经济绩效之间的双边因果关系。因此，它证实了在能源使用总量，可再生能源发电以及人力资本与经济绩效之间存在反馈效应。同样，在长期和短期测试中，从可再生能源发电和人力资本到综合能源使用，以及从人力资本到可再生能源发电，都显示出一种单方面的正因果联系。此外，长期和短期测试都暴露了从综合能源使用和可再生能源发电到经济绩效的因果关系，从而支持了增长假说。调查结果表明，增加可再生能源的产生以及促进聚合能源使用对巴基斯坦经济表现的重要性。