Many plant foods are rich sources of rutin, a flavonoid with many biological activities and health benefits. Exposure to cadmium has been implicated in neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in animal models. However, there is a dearth of information on the effect of rutin on the cadmium bioavailability in the brain of rats exposed to cadmium. Thus, the present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rutin in an animal model of cognitive impairment via alterations of cadmium bioavailability in cadmium-exposed rats. Animals were divided into six groups (n = 6): group 1 served as control, groups 2 and 3 are normal rats received 25 and 50 mg/kg of rutin respectively, group 4 received cadmium (5 mg/kg), while groups 5 and 6 are cadmium-exposed rats treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg rutin respectively via oral administration for 21 days. Rutin was administered 30 min after cadmium administration each day. The spatial working memory of the exposed and treated rats was assessed using Morris water maze and Y-Maze tasks. Furthermore, the residual level of cadmium ion in the brain of the rats was estimated. The cholinesterase (AChE and BChE) activities and nitric oxide level were determined. Besides, the level of oxidative stress markers (ROS and MDA) was assessed. Results revealed that rutin significantly reduced cadmium bioavailability in the brain of cadmium-exposed rats. Moreso, cadmium increased cholinesterase (AChE and BChE) activities and level of oxidative stress markers in the brain, with a concomitant decrease in nitric oxide level. However, treatment with rutin decreased cholinesterase activities and the level of oxidative stress markers in cadmium-exposed rats. Also, rutin improved spatial working memory and learning processes as revealed by Morris water maze and Y-Maze tasks. Conclusively, rutin could be considered to possess cognitive-enhancing properties possibly through alterations of cadmium bioavailability in the brain of cadmium-exposed rats.

中文翻译：

---

芦丁通过改变镉暴露大鼠大脑中镉的生物利用度来恢复神经行为缺陷。

许多植物性食品都是芦丁的丰富来源，芦丁是一种具有许多生物活性和健康益处的类黄酮。在动物模型中，镉的暴露与神经毒性和认知功能障碍有关。然而，关于芦丁对暴露于镉的大鼠脑中镉生物利用度的影响的信息尚缺乏。因此，本研究通过改变镉暴露大鼠中镉的生物利用度，研究了芦丁在认知障碍动物模型中的治疗效果。将动物分为六组（n = 6）：第1组为对照组，第2组和第3组为正常大鼠，分别接受25和50 mg / kg芦丁，第4组接受镉（5 mg / kg），而第5组分别以25和50 mg / kg芦丁经口服21天治疗的镉暴露大鼠为6和6。每天服用镉30分钟后再服用芦丁。使用莫里斯水迷宫和Y迷宫任务评估暴露和治疗大鼠的空间工作记忆。此外，估计了大鼠脑中镉离子的残留水平。测定胆碱酯酶（AChE和BChE）的活性和一氧化氮水平。此外，还评估了氧化应激标志物（ROS和MDA）的水平。结果显示，芦丁显着降低了镉暴露大鼠大脑中镉的生物利用度。此外，镉会增加胆碱酯酶（AChE和BChE）的活性和大脑中氧化应激标志物的水平，与此同时，一氧化氮水平也会下降。然而，芦丁处理降低了镉暴露大鼠的胆碱酯酶活性和氧化应激标志物的水平。还，莫里斯水迷宫和Y迷宫任务揭示了芦丁改善了空间工作记忆和学习过程。最后，芦丁可能被认为具有认知增强作用，可能是通过改变镉暴露大鼠大脑中镉的生物利用度来实现的。