Retinal prostheses are designed to restore a basic sense of sight to people with profound vision loss. They require a relatively intact posterior visual pathway (optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex). Retinal implants are options for people with severe stages of retinal degenerative disease such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. There have now been three regulatory-approved retinal prostheses. Over five hundred patients have been implanted globally over the past 15 years. Devices generally provide an improved ability to localize high-contrast objects, navigate, and perform basic orientation tasks. Adverse events have included conjunctival erosion, retinal detachment, loss of light perception, and the need for revision surgery, but are rare. There are also specific device risks, including overstimulation (which could cause damage to the retina) or delamination of implanted components, but these are very unlikely. Current challenges include how to improve visual acuity, enlarge the field-of-view, and reduce a complex visual scene to its most salient components through image processing. This review encompasses the work of over 40 individual research groups who have built devices, developed stimulation strategies, or investigated the basic physiology underpinning retinal prostheses. Current technologies are summarized, along with future challenges that face the field.

中文翻译：

---

视网膜假体的更新

视网膜假体旨在恢复视力严重丧失的人的基本视力。它们需要相对完整的后视觉通路（视神经、外侧膝状体和视觉皮层）。视网膜植入物是患有严重视网膜退行性疾病（如视网膜色素变性和年龄相关性黄斑变性）的人的选择。现在已经有三种监管机构批准的视网膜假体。在过去的 15 年中，全球已有超过 500 名患者接受了植入手术。设备通常提供改进的定位高对比度对象、导航和执行基本定向任务的能力。不良事件包括结膜侵蚀、视网膜脱离、光感丧失和需要进行翻修手术，但很少见。还有特定的设备风险，包括过度刺激（可能导致视网膜损伤）或植入组件的分层，但这些可能性很小。当前的挑战包括如何通过图像处理提高视力、扩大视野以及将复杂的视觉场景简化为最显着的组成部分。这篇综述涵盖了 40 多个独立研究小组的工作，他们制造了设备、开发了刺激策略或研究了支撑视网膜假体的基本生理学。总结了当前的技术，以及该领域面临的未来挑战。并通过图像处理将复杂的视觉场景简化为最显着的组成部分。这篇综述涵盖了 40 多个独立研究小组的工作，他们制造了设备、开发了刺激策略或研究了支撑视网膜假体的基本生理学。总结了当前的技术以及该领域面临的未来挑战。并通过图像处理将复杂的视觉场景简化为最显着的组成部分。这篇综述涵盖了 40 多个独立研究小组的工作，他们制造了设备、开发了刺激策略或研究了支撑视网膜假体的基本生理学。总结了当前的技术以及该领域面临的未来挑战。