The association between autoimmune atrophic gastritis and thyroid disorders has been observed since the early 1960s and the expression "thyrogastric syndrome" was coined to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis. More recently, it was confirmed that autoimmune thyroid disorders, in particular Hashimoto's thyroiditis, may be frequently associated with other organ-specific, immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease. The association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with autoimmune atrophic gastritis or celiac disease in adult patients is currently considered part of the polyglandular autoimmune syndromes which include several autoimmune disorders associated with an autoaggressive impairment of endocrine glands. From a clinical point of view, the thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity may lead to potentially serious consequences like anemia, micronutrients deficiencies, and drugs malabsorption, as well as to an increased risk for malignancies. These alterations may frequently present in an underhand manner, with consequent diagnostic and treatment delays. Many aspects of the association between thyroid, gastric and intestinal autoimmune diseases still await clarification. The present review focuses on the embryological, genetic and pathophysiological aspects of thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity. In particular, the current diagnostic criteria of autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, and celiac disease are reviewed, along with the evidences for their association in poly-autoimmunity syndromes. The benefits of proactive screening of autoimmune thyroid disorders in patients with autoimmune gastritis or enteropathy and viceversa are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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甲状腺-胃-胃自身免疫：病理生理学及其对患者管理的影响。

自1960年代初以来，就已经观察到自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎与甲状腺疾病之间的关联，并创造了“甲状腺胃综合征”的表述，以表明恶性贫血患者中存在甲状腺自身抗体或自身免疫性甲状腺疾病，这是自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎的临床晚期。 。最近，已证实自身免疫性甲状腺疾病，尤其是桥本甲状腺炎，可能经常与其他器官特异性免疫介导的疾病有关，例如自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎或乳糜泻。桥本协会 成人患者患有自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎或乳糜泻的甲状腺炎目前被认为是多腺体自身免疫综合症的一部分，其中包括几种与自身分泌性内分泌腺功能受损相关的自身免疫性疾病。从临床角度来看，甲状腺-胃-胃自身免疫可能导致潜在的严重后果，例如贫血，微量营养素缺乏和药物吸收不良，并增加患恶性肿瘤的风险。这些更改可能经常以不完整的方式出现，从而导致诊断和治疗延迟。甲状腺，胃和肠道自身免疫性疾病之间的关联的许多方面仍在等待澄清。本综述着重于甲状腺-胃-胃自身免疫的胚胎学，遗传和病理生理学方面。特别是，综述了自身免疫性甲状腺疾病，自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎和腹腔疾病的当前诊断标准，以及它们与多自身免疫综合征相关的证据。还讨论了对自身免疫性胃炎或肠病患者进行主动筛查自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的益处，反之亦然。