Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.

中文翻译：

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外泌体在肝癌中的肿瘤发生，诊断和治疗潜力。

肝细胞癌（HCC，也称为原发性肝癌）是世界上最致命的癌症之一。由于肝癌起病隐患，缺乏有效的治疗方法，肝癌的预后极差，五年平均生存率不足10％。外泌体是纳米级的微囊泡，包含各种成分，例如核酸，蛋白质和脂质。外来体是重要的载体，用于信号在细胞之间或细胞与组织之间的信号传输或运输。近年来，外泌体已被认为是肝癌的潜在治疗靶标。大量报告表明，外来体在肝癌微环境的建立，发展，进展，侵袭，转移乃至诊断，治疗，和肝癌的预后。但是，外泌体在这些过程中的确切分子机制和作用仍不清楚。我们认为，阐明肝癌相关外泌体的调节机制及其信号传导途径，并分析其在肝癌的诊断和治疗中的临床应用可以为今后的肝癌治疗方案提供有用的线索。本文讨论并总结了肝癌相关外泌体的研究进展及其潜在的临床应用。