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Heckman-type selection models to obtain unbiased estimates with missing measures outcome: theoretical considerations and an application to missing birth weight data.
BMC Medical Research Methodology ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-09 , DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0840-7
Siaka Koné 1, 2, 3 , Bassirou Bonfoh 1, 2 , Daouda Dao 1 , Inza Koné 1 , Günther Fink 2, 3
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND In low-income settings, key outcomes such as biomarkers or clinical assessments are often missing for a substantial proportion of the study population. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which Heckman-type selection models can create unbiased estimates in such settings. METHODS We introduce the basic Heckman model in a first stage, and then use simulation models to compare the performance of the model to alternative approaches used in the literature for missing outcome data, including complete case analysis (CCA), multiple imputations by chained equations (MICE) and pattern imputation with delta adjustment (PIDA). Last, we use a large population-representative data set on antenatal supplementation (AS) and birth outcomes from Côte d'Ivoire to illustrate the empirical relevance of this method. RESULTS All models performed well when data were missing at random. When missingness in the outcome data was related to unobserved determinants of the outcome, large and systematic biases were found for CCA and MICE, while Heckman-style selection models yielded unbiased estimates. Using Heckman-type selection models to correct for missingness in our empirical application, we found supplementation effect sizes that were very close to those reported in the most recent systematic review of clinical AS trials. CONCLUSION Missingness in health outcome can lead to substantial bias. Heckman-selection models can correct for this selection bias and yield unbiased estimates, even when the proportion of missing data is substantial.

中文翻译:

Heckman类型的选择模型可获取带有缺失量度结果的无偏估计:理论上的考虑以及对缺失出生体重数据的应用。

背景技术在低收入环境中,很大一部分研究人群经常缺少诸如生物标志物或临床评估之类的关键结果。这项研究的目的是评估Heckman类型选择模型可以在这种情况下创建无偏估计的程度。方法我们首先引入基本的Heckman模型,然后使用仿真模型将模型的性能与文献中用于缺失结果数据的替代方法(包括完整案例分析(CCA),通过链式方程式进行多次插补)中使用的替代方法进行比较( MICE)和带增量调整的图案插补(PIDA)。最后,我们使用大量的具有代表性的关于产前补充(AS)和科特迪瓦的出生结局的数据集来说明这种方法的经验相关性。结果当数据随机丢失时,所有模型均表现良好。当结果数据中的缺失与未观察到的决定因素有关时,发现CCA和MICE出现了较大的系统性偏见,而Heckman风格的选择模型得出的结果则没有偏见。在我们的经验应用中,使用Heckman类型选择模型来纠正缺失,我们发现补充效应的大小与最近的临床AS试验系统综述中报道的结果非常接近。结论健康结局的缺失会导致严重的偏见。即使丢失的数据比例很大,Heckman选择模型也可以纠正这种选择偏差并产生无偏估计。当结果数据中的缺失与未观察到的决定因素有关时,发现CCA和MICE出现了较大的系统性偏见,而Heckman风格的选择模型得出的结果则没有偏见。在我们的经验应用中,使用Heckman类型选择模型来纠正缺失,我们发现补充效应的大小与最近的临床AS试验系统综述中报道的结果非常接近。结论健康结局的缺失会导致严重的偏见。即使丢失的数据比例很大,Heckman选择模型也可以纠正这种选择偏差并产生无偏估计。当结果数据中的缺失与未观察到的决定因素有关时,发现CCA和MICE出现了较大的系统性偏见,而Heckman风格的选择模型得出的估计值则没有偏见。在我们的经验应用中,使用Heckman类型选择模型来纠正缺失,我们发现补充效应的大小与最近的临床AS试验系统综述中报道的结果非常接近。结论健康结局的缺失会导致严重的偏见。即使丢失的数据比例很大,Heckman选择模型也可以纠正这种选择偏差并产生无偏估计。在我们的经验应用中,使用Heckman类型选择模型来纠正缺失,我们发现补充效应的大小与最近的临床AS试验系统综述中报道的结果非常接近。结论健康结局的缺失会导致严重的偏见。即使丢失的数据比例很大,Heckman选择模型也可以纠正这种选择偏差并产生无偏估计。在我们的经验应用中,使用Heckman类型选择模型来纠正缺失,我们发现补充效应的大小与最近的临床AS试验系统综述中报道的结果非常接近。结论健康结局的缺失会导致严重的偏见。即使丢失的数据比例很大,Heckman选择模型也可以纠正这种选择偏差并产生无偏估计。
更新日期:2019-12-09
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