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Differential impact of malaria control interventions on P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in young Papua New Guinean children.
BMC Medicine ( IF 7.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-09 , DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1456-9
Maria Ome-Kaius 1, 2, 3 , Johanna Helena Kattenberg 1, 2, 4 , Sophie Zaloumis 3 , Matthew Siba 1 , Benson Kiniboro 1 , Shadrach Jally 1 , Zahra Razook 2 , Daisy Mantila 1 , Desmond Sui 1 , Jason Ginny 1 , Anna Rosanas-Urgell 4 , Stephan Karl 1, 2 , Thomas Obadia 5 , Alyssa Barry 2 , Stephen J Rogerson 3 , Moses Laman 1 , Daniel Tisch 6 , Ingrid Felger 7 , James W Kazura 6 , Ivo Mueller 2, 3, 5 , Leanne J Robinson 1, 2, 3, 8
Affiliation  

INTRODUCTION As malaria transmission declines, understanding the differential impact of intensified control on Plasmodium falciparum relative to Plasmodium vivax and identifying key drivers of ongoing transmission is essential to guide future interventions. METHODS Three longitudinal child cohorts were conducted in Papua New Guinea before (2006/2007), during (2008) and after scale-up of control interventions (2013). In each cohort, children aged 1-5 years were actively monitored for infection and illness. Incidence of malaria episodes, molecular force of blood-stage infections (molFOB) and population-averaged prevalence of infections were compared across the cohorts to investigate the impact of intensified control in young children and the key risk factors for malaria infection and illness in 2013. RESULTS Between 2006 and 2008, P. falciparum infection prevalence, molFOB, and clinical malaria episodes reduced by 47%, 59% and 69%, respectively, and a further 49%, 29% and 75% from 2008 to 2013 (prevalence 41.6% to 22.1% to 11.2%; molFOB: 3.4 to 1.4 to 1.0 clones/child/year; clinical episodes incidence rate (IR) 2.6 to 0.8 to IR 0.2 episodes/child/year). P. vivax clinical episodes declined at rates comparable to P. falciparum between 2006, 2008 and 2013 (IR 2.5 to 1.1 to 0.2), while P. vivax molFOB (2006, 9.8; 2008, 12.1) and prevalence (2006, 59.6%; 2008, 65.0%) remained high in 2008. However, in 2013, P. vivax molFOB (1.2) and prevalence (19.7%) had also substantially declined. In 2013, 89% of P. falciparum and 93% of P. vivax infections were asymptomatic, 62% and 47%, respectively, were sub-microscopic. Area of residence was the major determinant of malaria infection and illness. CONCLUSION Intensified vector control and routine case management had a differential impact on rates of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections but not clinical malaria episodes in young children. This suggests comparable reductions in new mosquito-derived infections but a delayed impact on P. vivax relapsing infections due to a previously acquired reservoir of hypnozoites. This demonstrates the need to strengthen implementation of P. vivax radical cure to maximise impact of control in co-endemic areas. The high heterogeneity of malaria in 2013 highlights the importance of surveillance and targeted interventions to accelerate towards elimination.

中文翻译:

疟疾控制干预措施对巴布亚新几内亚儿童的恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫感染的影响不同。

简介随着疟疾传播的减少,了解加强控制相对于间质疟原虫对恶性疟原虫的不同影响并确定持续传播的关键驱动因素对于指导未来的干预至关重要。方法在巴布亚新几内亚(2006/2007)之前,期间(2008年)和扩大控制干预措施(2013年)之后,进行了三个纵向儿童队列研究。在每个队列中,都对1-5岁的儿童进行了感染和疾病的积极监测。在2013年,比较了整个队列中疟疾发作的发生率,血液阶段感染的分子力(molFOB)和人群平均感染率,以调查加强控制对幼儿的影响以及疟疾感染和疾病的关键风险因素。结果从2006年到2008年,P。恶性疟原虫感染率,molFOB和临床疟疾发作分别从2008年至2013年减少了47%,59%和69%,并且进一步降低了49%,29%和75%(流行率从41.6%降至22.1%至11.2%; molFOB :3.4至1.4至1.0至1.0个克隆/儿童/年;临床发作发生率(IR)2.6至0.8至IR 0.2发作/儿童/年)。间日疟原虫的临床发病率在2006年,2008年和2013年之间以与恶性疟原虫相当的速度下降(IR 2.5至1.1至0.2),而间日疟原虫molFOB(2006,9.8; 2008,12.1)和患病率(2006,59.6%; 2008年仍然是65.0%),但在2008年居高不下。间日疟原虫molFOB(1.2)和患病率(19.7%)也大幅下降。2013年,恶性疟原虫感染的89%和间日疟原虫感染的93%是无症状的,分别为亚显微感染,分别为62%和47%。居住地区是疟疾感染和疾病的主要决定因素。结论加强病媒控制和常规病例管理对恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫感染的发生率有不同的影响,但对幼儿的临床疟疾发作没有影响。这表明新的蚊子感染的减少程度相当,但是由于先前获得的次生子储集层,对间日疟原虫复发感染的影响有所延迟。这表明有必要加强间日疟原虫根治的实施,以最大程度地控制共流行病地区的控制。2013年疟疾的高度异质性凸显了监测和有针对性的干预措施对加速消除疟疾的重要性。恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫感染,但未出现临床疟疾发作。这表明新的蚊子感染的减少程度相当,但是由于先前获得的次生子储集层,对间日疟原虫复发感染的影响有所延迟。这表明有必要加强间日疟原虫根治的实施,以最大程度地控制共流行病地区的控制。2013年疟疾的高度异质性凸显了监测和有针对性的干预措施对加速消除疟疾的重要性。恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫感染,但未出现临床疟疾发作。这表明新的蚊子感染的减少程度相当,但是由于先前获得的次生子储集层,对间日疟原虫复发感染的影响有所延迟。这表明有必要加强间日疟原虫根治的实施,以最大程度地控制共流行病地区的控制。2013年疟疾的高度异质性凸显了监测和有针对性的干预措施对加速消除疟疾的重要性。这表明有必要加强间日疟原虫根治的实施,以最大程度地控制共流行病地区的控制。2013年疟疾的高度异质性凸显了监测和有针对性的干预措施对加速消除疟疾的重要性。这表明有必要加强间日疟原虫根治的实施,以最大程度地控制共流行病地区的控制。2013年疟疾的高度异质性凸显了监测和有针对性的干预措施对加速消除疟疾的重要性。
更新日期:2019-12-09
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