Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the primary gaseous substrate and product of oxidative phosphorylation in respiring organisms, respectively. Variance in the levels of either of these gasses outside of the physiological range presents a serious threat to cell, tissue, and organism survival. Therefore, it is essential that endogenous levels are monitored and kept at appropriate concentrations to maintain a state of homeostasis. Higher organisms such as mammals have evolved mechanisms to sense O2 and CO2 both in the circulation and in individual cells and elicit appropriate corrective responses to promote adaptation to commonly encountered conditions such as hypoxia and hypercapnia. These can be acute and transient nontranscriptional responses, which typically occur at the level of whole animal physiology or more sustained transcriptional responses, which promote chronic adaptation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which mammals sense changes in O2 and CO2 and elicit adaptive responses to maintain homeostasis. We also discuss crosstalk between these pathways and how they may represent targets for therapeutic intervention in a range of pathological states.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物中氧气和二氧化碳传感的机制和后果。

分子氧（O2）和二氧化碳（CO2）分别是呼吸生物中的主要气态底物和氧化磷酸化的产物。这些气体中任何一种的浓度超出生理范围，都会对细胞，组织和生物体的生存构成严重威胁。因此，必须监测内源水平并保持在适当的浓度以维持体内稳态。高等生物（例如哺乳动物）已经进化出在循环系统和单个细胞中都能感知O2和CO2的机制，并引发适当的纠正反应，以促进对常见情况（如缺氧和高碳酸血症）的适应。这些可能是急性和短暂的非转录反应，它们通常发生在整个动物生理学或更持久的转录反应水平上，从而促进慢性适应。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了哺乳动物感知O2和CO2变化并引发适应性反应以维持体内稳态的机制。我们还将讨论这些途径之间的串扰，以及它们如何代表一系列病理状态下的治疗干预目标。