BACKGROUND Essential trace elements and minerals play a significant role in neurodevelopment. Although certain studies demonstrated impaired essential trace element and mineral status in children with ADHD, the existing data are insufficient. The objective of the present study was to assess serum trace element and mineral levels in children with ADHD. METHODS Serum trace element and mineral levels in 68 children with ADHD and 68 neurotypical controls were assessed using ICP-MS at NexION 300D (PerkinElmer Inc., USA) equipped with ESI SC-2 DX4 autosampler (Elemental Scientific Inc., USA). RESULTS Serum Cr, Mg, and Zn levels in children with ADHD were 21 % (p = 0.010), 4 % (p = 0.005), and 7 % (p = 0. 001) lower as compared to the healthy controls, respectively. In turn, serum Cu/Zn values were 11 % higher than those in the control group. Age and gender had a significant impact on serum element levels in ADHD. Particularly, preschool children were characterized by significantly increased Cu (+8 %; p = 0.034), and Cu/Zn (+19 %; p < 0.001) values, whereas serum Zn (-9 %; p = 0.004) level was decreased. In primary school-aged children only 6 % (p = 0.007) lower Mg levels were observed. Both boys and girls with ADHD were characterized by 8 % (p = 0.016) lower serum Zn levels and 10 % (p = 0.049) higher Cu/Zn values when compared to neurotypical girls. Boys with ADHD also had significantly higher Cu/Zn, exceeding the respective control values by 12 % (p = 0.021), predominantly due to a 7 % (p = 0.035) decrease in serum Zn. Serum Mg levels were also found to be significantly lower than those in neurotypical children by 5 % (p = 0.007). In adjusted regression models serum Cr (β=-0.234; p = 0.009) and Cu/Zn (β = 0.245; p = 0.029) values were significantly associated with ADHD, respectively. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant impact of ADHD on Cr, Mg, Zn, and Cu/Zn, whereas age was associated with Cu, I, Mg, Mo, and Cu/Zn, whereas gender accounted only for variability in serum Mn levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed significant contributions of Mg, Zn, and Cu/Zn values to ADHD variability. CONCLUSIONS Hypothetically, the observed decrease of essential trace elements, namely Mg and Zn, and elevation of Cu/Zn may significantly contribute to the risk of ADHD or its severity and/or comorbidity.

中文翻译：

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注意缺陷/多动症（ADHD）儿童的血清锌，铜，锌铜比以及其他必需元素和矿物质。

背景技术必需的微量元素和矿物质在神经发育中起重要作用。尽管某些研究表明多动症儿童的必需微量元素和矿物质状态受损，但现有数据不足。本研究的目的是评估多动症儿童的血清微量元素和矿物质水平。方法在配备ESI SC-2 DX4自动进样器（美国Elemental Scientific Inc.）的NexION 300D（美国PerkinElmer Inc.）使用ICP-MS对68例多动症儿童和68例神经典型对照者的血清微量元素和矿物质水平进行了评估。结果与健康对照组相比，ADHD儿童的血清Cr，Mg和Zn水平分别降低了21％（p = 0.010），4％（p = 0.005）和7％（p = 0.001）。反过来，血清铜/锌值比对照组高11％。年龄和性别对多动症的血清元素水平有重大影响。特别是，学龄前儿童的特征是铜（+ 8％； p = 0.034）和铜/锌（+ 19％； p <0.001）值显着增加，而血清锌（-9％； p = 0.004）降低了。 。在小学学龄儿童中，仅观察到6％的Mg降低（p = 0.007）。与神经型女孩相比，患有ADHD的男孩和女孩的特征是血清锌水平降低了8％（p = 0.016），而铜/锌值则升高了10％（p = 0.049）。患有多动症的男孩的铜/锌含量也明显更高，比相应的对照值高出12％（p = 0.021），这主要是由于血清Zn降低了7％（p = 0.035）。还发现血清镁水平显着低于神经型儿童的5％（p = 0.007）。在调整后的回归模型中，血清Cr（β= -0.234; p = 0.009）和Cu / Zn（β= 0.245; p = 0.029）值分别与ADHD显着相关。双向方差分析显示ADHD对Cr，Mg，Zn和Cu ​​/ Zn有显着影响，而年龄与Cu，I，Mg，Mo和Cu / Zn相关，而性别仅占血清Mn水平的变异性。主成分分析（PCA）还显示Mg，Zn和Cu ​​/ Zn值对ADHD变异性有重要贡献。结论假设地，观察到的必需微量元素即Mg和Zn的减少以及Cu / Zn的升高可能显着增加了ADHD的风险，严重程度和/或合并症。I，Mg，Mo和Cu / Zn，而性别仅占血清Mn水平的变异性。主成分分析（PCA）还显示Mg，Zn和Cu ​​/ Zn值对ADHD变异性有重要贡献。结论假设地，观察到的必需微量元素即Mg和Zn的减少以及Cu / Zn的升高可能显着增加了ADHD的风险，严重程度和/或合并症。I，Mg，Mo和Cu / Zn，而性别仅占血清Mn水平的变异性。主成分分析（PCA）还显示Mg，Zn和Cu ​​/ Zn值对ADHD变异性有重要贡献。结论假设地，观察到的必需微量元素即Mg和Zn的减少以及Cu / Zn的升高可能显着增加了ADHD的风险，严重程度和/或合并症。