BACKGROUND Microbial culture-based investigations of inflamed tonsil tissues have previously indicated enrichment of several microorganisms such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Prevotella. These taxa were also largely reflected in DNA sequencing studies performed using tissue material. In comparison, less is known about the response of the overall oral cavity microbiota to acute tonsillitis despite their role in human health and evidence showing that their compositions are correlated with diseases such as oral cancers. In addition, the influence of subject-specific circumstances including consumption of prescription antibiotics and smoking habits on the microbiology of acute tonsillitis is unknown. METHODS We collected oral rinse samples from 43 individuals admitted into hospital for acute tonsillitis and 165 non-disease volunteers recruited from the public, and compared their microbial community compositions using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We assessed the impact of tonsillitis, whether subjects were prescribed antibiotics, the presence of oral abscesses and their smoking habits on community composition, and identified specific microbial taxa associated with tonsillitis and smoking. RESULTS Oral rinse community composition was primarily associated with disease state (tonsillitis vs non-tonsillitis) although its effect was subtle, followed by smoking habit. Multiple Prevotella taxa were enriched in tonsillitis subjects compared to the non-tonsillitis cohort, whereas the non-tonsillitis cohort primarily showed associations with several Neisseria sequence variants. The presence of oral abscesses did not significantly influence community composition. Antibiotics were prescribed to a subset of individuals in the tonsillitis cohort but we did not observe differences in community composition associated with antibiotics consumption. In both tonsillitis and non-tonsillitis cohorts, smoking habit was associated with enrichment of several Fusobacterium variants. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the oral cavity microbial community is altered during acute tonsillitis, with a consistent enrichment of Prevotella during tonsillitis raising the possibility of targeted interventions. It also supports the possible link between smoking, Fusobacteria and oral cancers.

中文翻译：

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急性扁桃体炎期间人口腔微生物群的组成：横断面调查。

背景技术基于微生物培养的扁桃体发炎的研究先前已经表明了几种微生物例如链球菌，葡萄球菌和小球藻的富集。这些分类单元也大量反映在使用组织材料进行的DNA测序研究中。相比之下，对整个口腔菌群对急性扁桃体炎的反应知之甚少，尽管它们在人类健康中起着重要作用，而且有证据表明它们的成分与诸如口腔癌等疾病有关。此外，尚不清楚受试者特殊情况（包括处方抗生素的消费和吸烟习惯）对急性扁桃体炎的微生物学的影响。方法我们收集了43名因急性扁桃体炎入院的患者和165名从公共场所招募的非疾病志愿者的漱口水样本，并使用16S rRNA基因测序比较了它们的微生物群落组成。我们评估了扁桃体炎的影响，是否为受试者开了抗生素，口服脓肿的存在及其吸烟习惯对社区构成的影响，并确定了与扁桃体炎和吸烟有关的特定微生物分类群。结果漱口水群落组成主要与疾病状态有关（扁桃体炎与非扁桃体炎），尽管其影响微妙，其次是吸烟习惯。与非扁桃体炎人群相比，多种扁桃体类群富含扁桃体炎受试者，非扁桃体炎队列主要显示与几种奈瑟氏菌序列变异有关。口腔脓肿的存在并没有显着影响社区组成。扁桃体炎队列中的一部分人服用了抗生素，但我们并未观察到与抗生素消费相关的社区组成差异。在扁桃体炎和非扁桃体炎人群中，吸烟习惯都与富集的多种梭菌变种有关。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。口腔脓肿的存在并没有显着影响社区组成。扁桃体炎队列中的一部分人服用了抗生素，但我们并未观察到与抗生素消费相关的社区组成的差异。在扁桃体炎和非扁桃体炎人群中，吸烟习惯都与富集的多种梭菌变种有关。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。口腔脓肿的存在并没有显着影响社区组成。扁桃体炎队列中的一部分人服用了抗生素，但我们并未观察到与抗生素消费相关的社区组成的差异。在扁桃体炎和非扁桃体炎人群中，吸烟习惯都与富集的多种梭菌变种有关。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。扁桃体炎队列中的一部分人服用了抗生素，但我们并未观察到与抗生素消费相关的社区组成的差异。在扁桃体炎和非扁桃体炎人群中，吸烟习惯都与富集的多种梭菌变种有关。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。扁桃体炎队列中的一部分人服用了抗生素，但我们并未观察到与抗生素消费相关的社区组成的差异。在扁桃体炎和非扁桃体炎人群中，吸烟习惯都与富集的多种梭菌变种有关。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。结论这些发现表明，在急性扁桃体炎期间口腔微生物群落发生了改变，扁桃体炎期间普氏菌不断富集，增加了有针对性的干预措施的可能性。它还支持吸烟，Fusobacteria和口腔癌之间的可能联系。