Kidney organoids can be generated from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using protocols that resemble the embryonic development of the kidney. The renal structures thus generated offer great potential for disease modeling, drug screening, and possibly future therapeutic application. At the same time, use of these PSC-derived organoids is hampered by lack of maturation and off-target differentiation. Here, we review the main protocols for the generation of kidney organoids from human-induced PSCs, discussing their advantages and limitations. In particular, we will focus on the vascularization of the kidney organoids, which appears to be one of the critical factors to achieve maturation and functionality of the organoids.

中文翻译：

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干细胞衍生的肾脏类器官：改造脉管系统。


可以使用类似于肾脏胚胎发育的方案从人类多能干细胞（PSC）生成肾脏类器官。由此产生的肾脏结构为疾病建模、药物筛选以及未来可能的治疗应用提供了巨大的潜力。与此同时，这些 PSC 衍生的类器官的使用因缺乏成熟和脱靶分化而受到阻碍。在这里，我们回顾了从人诱导 PSC 生成肾脏类器官的主要方案，讨论了它们的优点和局限性。特别是，我们将重点关注肾脏类器官的血管化，这似乎是实现类器官成熟和功能的关键因素之一。