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Towards a dystrophic lake: The history of Smolak Lake (northern Poland) on the basis of geochemical and biological data
Catena ( IF 5.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-05 , DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104262
Joanna Mirosław-Grabowska , Milena Obremska , Edyta Zawisza , Magdalena Radzikowska , Joanna Stańczak

This study presents a multi-proxy reconstruction of the evolution of Smolak Lake from harmonic to dystrophic conditions. The lake’s history and environmental conditions, such as zooplankton and vegetation compositions, trophic state, water temperature and water level fluctuations, are discussed. Smolak Lake is located in the southern part of the Masurian Lakeland, northern Poland. A 350 cm core comprising thick sediments (Sm profile) are mainly composed of homogenous organic gyttja and dy was taken from the lake and analysed for geochemical and biological (cladoceran and pollen) proxies. Radiocarbon data show that the sediments accumulated from the Late Glacial (Younger Dryas period) to recent times. Based on the results of pollen data, six local pollen assemblage zones were recognized. The subfossil cladoceran fauna in the sediments are represented by 25 species belonging to four families. Five zones of Cladocera development were distinguished. The Cladocera species indicate the initial oligotrophic status of the lake and its subsequent slight increase in trophic status. From ~9000 yr cal BP (at the beginning of the Atlantic period), Smolak Lake began a fast transition to a dystrophic state. At this time, the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediments significantly increased to above 50%, and deposits containing more than 97% water were transformed into dy. The sedimentation rate was extremely low, i.e., 0.08–0.2 mm/yr. Dystrophic conditions are also reflected in the Cladocera and pollen found in the core during this period: Cladocera composition was dominated by species very resistant to acid conditions (e.g., Alonella excisa); the abundance of green algae was at its lowest level and dominated by only one genus (Botryococcus); no hydrophytes were found; and rush vegetation disappeared. Currently, Smolak Lake is a shallow, humic lake characterized by brown water and the presence of floating mats. This study shows that it’s current status is a result of it’s small, relatively undisturbed catchment, which should be protected in order to maintain this unique dystrophic habitat.



中文翻译:

走向营养不良的湖泊:基于地球化学和生物数据的斯莫拉克湖(波兰北部)的历史

这项研究提出了从谐波到营养不良条件的斯莫拉克湖演化的多代理重建方法。讨论了该湖的历史和环境条件,例如浮游动物和植被组成,营养状态,水温和水位波动。Smolak湖位于波兰北部Masurian Lakeland的南部。一个350厘米的岩心包括厚的沉积物(Sm剖面),主要由均质的有机gyttja和dy组成,取自该湖,并进行了地球化学和生物(cladoceran和花粉)代理分析。放射性碳的数据表明,沉积物是从晚冰川(年轻的树蛙时期)到最近的时期积累的。根据花粉数据的结果,识别出六个局部花粉组合区。沉积物中的亚化石笼形动物区系由属于四个科的25个物种代表。区分了克拉多拉的五个开发区。Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态,其营养状态随后略有增加。从大约9000年BP(大西洋时期开始)开始,斯莫拉克湖开始迅速向营养不良状态过渡。此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌(Cladocera)和花粉中:克拉多菌(Cladocera)的组成主要由对酸性条件极有抵抗力的物种(例如,区分了克拉多拉的五个开发区。Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态,其营养状态随后略有增加。从大约9000年的BP(大西洋时期开始)开始,Smolak湖开始迅速转变为营养不良状态。此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌(Cladocera)和花粉中:克拉多菌(Cladocera)的组成主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,区分了克拉多拉的五个开发区。Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态,其营养状态随后略有增加。从大约9000年的BP(大西洋时期开始)开始,Smolak湖开始迅速转变为营养不良状态。此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌和花粉中:克拉多菌的成分主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态,其营养状态随后略有增加。从大约9000年的BP(大西洋时期开始)开始,Smolak湖开始迅速转变为营养不良状态。此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌和花粉中:克拉多菌的成分主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,Cladocera物种表明该湖​​最初处于贫营养状态,其营养状态随后略有增加。从大约9000年的BP(大西洋时期开始)开始,Smolak湖开始迅速转变为营养不良状态。此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌(Cladocera)和花粉中:克拉多菌(Cladocera)的组成主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌(Cladocera)和花粉中:克拉多菌(Cladocera)的组成主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,此时,沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)量显着增加到50%以上,并且含水量超过97%的沉积物转化为dy。沉积速率极低,即0.08-0.2 mm / yr。营养不良条件也反映在这段时期的核心层的克拉多菌(Cladocera)和花粉中:克拉多菌(Cladocera)的组成主要由对酸性条件具有极强抵抗力的物种(例如,Alonella excisa); 绿藻的丰度最低,仅由一个属(葡萄球菌)所控制;未发现水生植物;仓促的植被消失了。目前,Smolak湖是一个浅而腐烂的湖泊,其特征是褐色的水和浮垫。这项研究表明,它的当前状态是由于它的流域较小且相对未受干扰,因此应该对其进行保护,以维持这种独特的营养不良的栖息地。

更新日期:2019-12-05
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