Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers threatening women's health, and the persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is closely related to the pathogenesis of cervical cancer and many other cancers. The carcinogenesis is a complex process from precancerous lesion to cancer, which provides an excellent window for clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. However, despite the various preventions and treatments such as HPV screening, prophylactic HPV vaccines, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the disease burden remains heavy worldwide. Currently, three types of prophylactic vaccines, quadrivalent HPV vaccine, bivalent HPV vaccine, and a new nonavalent HPV vaccine, are commercially available. Although these vaccines are effective in protecting against 90% of HPV infection, they provide limited benefits to eliminate pre-existing infections. Therefore, new progress has been made in the development of therapeutic vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines differ from prophylactic vaccines in that they aim to stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill the infected cells rather than neutralizing antibodies. This review aims at systematically covering the progress, current status and future prospects of various vaccines in development for the prevention and treatment of HPV-associated lesions and cancers and laying foundations for the development of the new original vaccine.

中文翻译：

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针对宫颈癌的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗：机遇与挑战。

宫颈癌是威胁妇女健康的最常见癌症之一，持续感染高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）与宫颈癌和许多其他癌症的发病机理密切相关。癌变是从癌前病变到癌症的复杂过程，为临床预防，诊断和治疗提供了极好的窗口。然而，尽管进行了多种预防和治疗，例如HPV筛查，HPV预防性疫苗，手术，放疗和化学疗法，但该疾病的负担在全世界仍然很重。当前，三种预防性疫苗，四价HPV疫苗，二价HPV疫苗和新的非价HPV疫苗可商购获得。尽管这些疫苗可有效预防90％的HPV感染，它们提供的益处有限，无法消除先前存在的感染。因此，在治疗性疫苗的开发方面取得了新的进展。治疗性疫苗与预防性疫苗的不同之处在于，它们旨在刺激细胞介导的免疫力并杀死受感染的细胞，而不是中和抗体。这篇综述旨在系统地涵盖预防和治疗HPV相关病变和癌症的各种疫苗的开发进展，现状和未来前景，并为开发新的原始疫苗打下基础。治疗性疫苗与预防性疫苗的不同之处在于，它们旨在刺激细胞介导的免疫力并杀死受感染的细胞，而不是中和抗体。这篇综述旨在系统地涵盖预防和治疗HPV相关病变和癌症的各种疫苗的开发进展，现状和未来前景，并为开发新的原始疫苗打下基础。治疗性疫苗与预防性疫苗的不同之处在于，它们旨在刺激细胞介导的免疫力并杀死受感染的细胞，而不是中和抗体。这篇综述旨在系统地涵盖预防和治疗HPV相关病变和癌症的各种疫苗的开发进展，现状和未来前景，并为开发新的原始疫苗打下基础。