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Diphtheria.
Nature Reviews Disease Primers ( IF 76.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-05 , DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0131-y
Naresh Chand Sharma 1 , Androulla Efstratiou 2 , Igor Mokrousov 3 , Ankur Mutreja 4 , Bhabatosh Das 5 , Thandavarayan Ramamurthy 5
Affiliation  

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal infection mostly caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains and occasionally by toxigenic C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Diphtheria is generally an acute respiratory infection, characterized by the formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat, but cutaneous infections are possible. Systemic effects, such as myocarditis and neuropathy, which are associated with increased fatality risk, are due to diphtheria toxin, an exotoxin produced by the pathogen that inhibits protein synthesis and causes cell death. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed by the isolation and identification of the causative Corynebacterium spp., usually by bacterial culture followed by enzymatic and toxin detection tests. Diphtheria can be treated with the timely administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy. Although effective vaccines are available, this disease has the potential to re-emerge in countries where the recommended vaccination programmes are not sustained, and increasing proportions of adults are becoming susceptible to diphtheria. Thousands of diphtheria cases are still reported annually from several countries in Asia and Africa, along with many outbreaks. Changes in the epidemiology of diphtheria have been reported worldwide. The prevalence of toxigenic Corynebacterium spp. highlights the need for proper clinical and epidemiological investigations to quickly identify and treat affected individuals, along with public health measures to prevent and contain the spread of this disease.

中文翻译:

白喉。

白喉是一种潜在的致命感染,主要由产毒素的白喉棒状杆菌菌株引起,偶尔也由产毒的溃疡杆菌和假结核杆菌菌株引起。白喉通常是急性呼吸道感染,其特征是在喉咙中形成假膜,但皮肤感染也是可能的。与致死风险增加相关的全身性影响,例如心肌炎和神经病,归因于白喉毒素,白喉毒素是病原体产生的一种外毒素,抑制蛋白质合成并导致细胞死亡。通常通过细菌培养,然后进行酶和毒素检测试验,分离并鉴定出引起病的棒状杆菌,从而确认临床诊断。白喉可以通过及时给予白喉抗毒素和抗菌治疗来治疗。尽管可以使用有效的疫苗,但这种疾病有可能在无法维持建议的疫苗接种计划的国家中再次出现,并且成年人中越来越多的人容易感染白喉。亚洲和非洲的几个国家/地区每年仍报告数千起白喉病例,并爆发了许多疫情。在世界范围内已经报道了白喉流行病学的变化。产毒棒状杆菌的流行。强调需要进行适当的临床和流行病学调查,以快速识别和治疗受影响的个体,以及预防和控制该疾病传播的公共卫生措施。这种疾病有可能在无法维持建议的疫苗接种计划的国家中再次出现,并且成年人中越来越多的人容易感染白喉。亚洲和非洲的几个国家/地区每年仍报告数千起白喉病例,并爆发了许多疫情。在世界范围内已经报道了白喉流行病学的变化。产毒棒状杆菌的流行。强调需要进行适当的临床和流行病学调查,以快速识别和治疗受影响的个体,并采取公共卫生措施来预防和控制这种疾病的传播。这种疾病有可能在无法维持建议的疫苗接种计划的国家中再次出现,并且成年人中越来越多的人容易感染白喉。亚洲和非洲的几个国家/地区每年仍报告数千起白喉病例,并爆发了许多疫情。全球已有白喉流行病学变化的报道。产毒棒状杆菌的流行。强调需要进行适当的临床和流行病学调查,以快速识别和治疗受影响的个体,并采取公共卫生措施来预防和控制这种疾病的传播。亚洲和非洲的几个国家/地区每年仍报告数千起白喉病例,并爆发了许多疫情。在世界范围内已经报道了白喉流行病学的变化。产毒棒状杆菌的流行。强调需要进行适当的临床和流行病学调查,以快速识别和治疗受影响的个体,并采取公共卫生措施来预防和控制这种疾病的传播。亚洲和非洲的几个国家/地区每年仍报告数千起白喉病例,并爆发了许多疫情。在世界范围内已经报道了白喉流行病学的变化。产毒棒状杆菌的流行。强调需要进行适当的临床和流行病学调查,以快速识别和治疗受影响的个体,以及预防和控制该疾病传播的公共卫生措施。
更新日期:2019-12-05
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