Natural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH‐related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Doppler sounders. Since then, many other observations confirmed the responsiveness of the ionosphere to NH. Within the last two decades, outstanding progress has been made in this area owing to the development of networks of ground‐based dual‐frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The use of GNSS‐sounding has substantially enlarged our knowledge about the solid earth/ocean/atmosphere/ionosphere coupling and NH‐related ionospheric disturbances and their main features. Moreover, recent results have demonstrated that it is possible to localize NH from their ionospheric signatures and also, if/when applicable, to obtain the information about the NH source (i.e., the source location and extension and the source onset time). Although all these results were obtained in retrospective studies, they have opened an exciting possibility for future ionosphere‐based detection and monitoring of NH in near‐real time. This article reviews the recent developments in the area of ionospheric detection of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, and it discusses the future perspectives for this novel discipline.

中文翻译：

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自然危害的电离层探测

自然灾害（NH），例如地震，海啸，火山爆发和严重的对流层天气事件，会产生声波和重力波，并向上传播，并引起大气层和电离层的扰动。在1964年阿拉斯加大地震之后，电离声探仪和多普勒测深仪发现了第一个与NH有关的电离层扰动。从那以后，许多其他观察结果证实了电离层对NH的响应能力。在过去的二十年中，由于发展了基于地面的双频全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）接收器网络，在这一领域取得了令人瞩目的进展。GNSS探测技术的使用大大扩展了我们对固体地球/海洋/大气层/电离层耦合以及与NH有关的电离层扰动及其主要特征的知识。而且，最近的结果表明，有可能从其电离层特征中定位NH，并且（如果适用）还可以获得有关NH源的信息（即源位置和扩展以及源起始时间）。尽管所有这些结果都是通过回顾性研究获得的，但它们为将来基于电离层的NH近乎实时的检测和监测开辟了令人兴奋的可能性。本文回顾了电离层探测地震，海啸和火山喷发领域的最新进展，并讨论了这一新颖学科的未来前景。源位置和扩展名以及源开始时间）。尽管所有这些结果都是通过回顾性研究获得的，但它们为将来基于电离层的NH近乎实时的检测和监测开辟了令人兴奋的可能性。本文回顾了电离层探测地震，海啸和火山喷发领域的最新进展，并讨论了这一新颖学科的未来前景。源位置和扩展名以及源开始时间）。尽管所有这些结果都是通过回顾性研究获得的，但它们为将来基于电离层的NH近乎实时的检测和监测开辟了令人兴奋的可能性。本文回顾了电离层探测地震，海啸和火山喷发领域的最新进展，并讨论了这一新颖学科的未来前景。