The microbiome is emerging as a key player and driver of cancer. Traditional modalities to manipulate the microbiome (for example, antibiotics, probiotics and microbiota transplants) have been shown to improve efficacy of cancer therapies in some cases, but issues such as collateral damage to the commensal microbiota and consistency of these approaches motivates efforts towards developing new technologies specifically designed for the microbiome-cancer interface. Considering the success of nanotechnology in transforming cancer diagnostics and treatment, nanotechnologies capable of manipulating interactions that occur across microscopic and molecular length scales in the microbiome and the tumour microenvironment have the potential to provide innovative strategies for cancer treatment. As such, opportunities at the intersection of nanotechnology, the microbiome and cancer are massive. In this Review, we highlight key opportunistic areas for applying nanotechnologies towards manipulating the microbiome for the treatment of cancer, give an overview of seminal work and discuss future challenges and our perspective on this emerging area.

中文翻译：

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微生物治疗癌症的纳米技术干预。

微生物组正在成为癌症的主要参与者和驱动者。传统的操作微生物组的方法（例如，抗生素，益生菌和微生物群移植物）已显示在某些情况下可提高癌症治疗的功效，但是诸如共生菌群附带损害和这些方法的一致性等问题促使人们努力开发新的专为微生物组-癌症界面设计的技术。考虑到纳米技术在转化癌症诊断和治疗方面的成功，能够处理微生物组和肿瘤微环境中微观和分子尺度范围内发生的相互作用的纳米技术具有提供创新的癌症治疗策略的潜力。因此，在纳米技术的交汇处，微生物群和癌症很多。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了将纳米技术应用于操纵微生物组以治疗癌症的关键机会领域，概述了开创性工作，并讨论了未来的挑战以及我们对这一新兴领域的看法。