Plant genomes interact when genetically distinct individuals join, or are joined, together. Individuals can fuse in three contexts: artificial grafts, natural grafts, and host-parasite interactions. Artificial grafts have been studied for decades and are important platforms for studying the movement of RNA, DNA, and protein. Yet several mysteries about artificial grafts remain, including the factors that contribute to graft incompatibility, the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic modifications caused by exchanges between graft partners, and the long-term effects of these modifications on phenotype. Host-parasite interactions also lead to the exchange of materials, and RNA exchange actively contributes to an ongoing arms race between parasite virulence and host resistance. Little is known about natural grafts except that they can be frequent and may provide opportunities for evolutionary innovation through genome exchange. In this review, we survey our current understanding about these three mechanisms of contact, the genomic interactions that result, and the potential evolutionary implications.

中文翻译：

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与两个基因组一起生活：嫁接及其对植物基因组间相互作用，表型变异和进化的影响。

当遗传上不同的个体结合在一起时，植物基因组就会相互作用。个人可以在三种情况下融合：人造移植物，天然移植物和宿主与寄生虫的相互作用。人造移植物已经研究了数十年，是研究RNA，DNA和蛋白质运动的重要平台。然而，关于人工移植物的谜团仍然存在，其中包括导致移植物不相容的因素，由移植物配偶之间的交换引起的遗传和表观遗传修饰的普遍性以及这些修饰对表型的长期影响。寄主与寄生虫之间的相互作用也导致了物质的交换，RNA交换积极地促进了寄生虫毒力与寄主之间的持续军备竞赛。对天然移植物知之甚少，只是它们很常见，并可能通过基因组交换为进化创新提供机会。在这篇综述中，我们调查了我们对这三种接触机制，产生的基因组相互作用以及潜在的进化含义的当前理解。