The rule of Mendelian inheritance is remarkably robust, but deviations from the equal transmission of alternative alleles at a locus [a.k.a. transmission ratio distortion (TRD)] are also commonly observed in genetic mapping populations. Such TRD reveals locus-specific selection acting at some point between the diploid heterozygous parents and progeny genotyping and therefore can provide novel insight into otherwise-hidden genetic and evolutionary processes. Most of the classic selfish genetic elements were discovered through their biasing of transmission, but many unselfish evolutionary and developmental processes can also generate TRD. In this review, we describe methodologies for detecting TRD in mapping populations, detail the arenas and genetic interactions that shape TRD during plant and animal reproduction, and summarize patterns of TRD from across the genetic mapping literature. Finally, we point to new experimental approaches that can accelerate both detection of TRD and characterization of the underlying genetic mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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标准偏差：传动比失真的生物学基础。

孟德尔遗传的规则非常稳健，但是在遗传作图种群中通常也观察到与等位基因其他等位基因的等价传播的偏离[aka传播比畸变（TRD）]。这种TRD揭示了在二倍体杂合子亲本和子代基因型之间的某个点起作用的基因座特异性选择，因此可以为否则隐藏的遗传和进化过程提供新颖的见解。大多数经典的自私遗传元素是通过它们对传播的偏见而发现的，但是许多无私的进化和发育过程也可以产生TRD。在这篇综述中，我们描述了在测绘种群中检测TRD的方法，详细介绍了在动植物繁殖过程中塑造TRD的场所和遗传相互作用，并总结了来自遗传图谱文献的TRD模式。最后，我们指出了可以加速TRD检测和潜在遗传机制表征的新实验方法。