The human brain contains a vast number of cells and shows extraordinary cellular diversity to facilitate the many cognitive and automatic commands governing our bodily functions. This complexity arises partly from large-scale structural variations in the genome, evolutionary processes to increase brain size, function, and cognition. Not surprisingly given recent technical advances, low-grade gliomas (LGGs), which arise from the glia (the most abundant cell type in the brain), have undergone a recent revolution in their classification and therapy, especially in the pediatric setting. Next-generation sequencing has uncovered previously unappreciated diverse LGG entities, unraveling genetic subgroups and multiple molecular alterations and altered pathways, including many amenable to therapeutic targeting. In this article we review these novel entities, in which oncogenic processes show striking age-related neuroanatomical specificity (highlighting their close interplay with development); the opportunities they provide for targeted therapies, some of which are already practiced at the bedside; and the challenges of implementing molecular pathology in the clinic.

中文翻译：

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低级胶质瘤揭示人类癌症遗传学的力量。

人脑包含大量细胞并显示出非凡的细胞多样性，以促进控制我们身体功能的许多认知和自动命令。这种复杂性部分源于基因组中的大规模结构变化，以及增加大脑大小、功能和认知的进化过程。鉴于最近的技术进步，源自神经胶质（大脑中最丰富的细胞类型）的低级别神经胶质瘤 (LGG) 最近在其分类和治疗方面经历了一场革命，尤其是在儿科环境中，这并不奇怪。下一代测序发现了以前未被重视的多种 LGG 实体，揭示了遗传亚群和多种分子改变和改变的途径，包括许多适合治疗靶向的。在本文中，我们回顾了这些新实体，其中致癌过程显示出惊人的与年龄相关的神经解剖学特异性（强调它们与发育的密切相互作用）；它们为靶向治疗提供了机会，其中一些已经在床边进行了实践；以及在临床中实施分子病理学的挑战。