Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. 2n = 2x = 22), a plant from the Apiaceae family, also called cilantro or Chinese parsley, is a globally important crop used as vegetable, spice, fragrance and traditional medicine. Here, we report a high-quality assembly and analysis of its genome sequence, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 2118.68 Mb and N50 scaffold length of 160.99 Mb. We found that two whole-genome duplication events, respectively, dated to ~45-52 and ~54-61 million years ago, were shared by the Apiaceae family after their split from lettuce. Unbalanced gene loss and expression are observed between duplicated copies produced by these two events. Gene retention, expression, metabolomics and comparative genomic analyses of terpene synthase (TPS) gene family, involved in terpenoid biosynthesis pathway contributing to coriander's special flavour, revealed that tandem duplication contributed to coriander TPS gene family expansion, especially compared to their carrot counterparts. Notably, a TPS gene highly expressed in all 4 tissues and 3 development stages studied is likely a major-effect gene encoding linalool synthase and myrcene synthase. The present genome sequencing, transcriptome, metabolome and comparative genomic efforts provide valuable insights into the genome evolution and spice trait biology of Apiaceae and other related plants, and facilitated further research into important gene functions and crop improvement.

中文翻译：

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破译香菜的高质量基因组序列引起争议。

香菜（Coriandrum sativum L. 2n = 2x = 22）是伞形科植物，也称为香菜或香菜，是一种全球重要的作物，用作蔬菜、香料、香料和传统药物。在这里，我们报告了其基因组序列的高质量组装和分析，锚定于 11 条染色体，总长度为 2118.68 Mb，N50 支架长度为 160.99 Mb。我们发现，伞形科从生菜中分离出来后，共有两个全基因组重复事件，分别可追溯到约 45-52 年前和约 54-61 百万年前。在这两个事件产生的重复拷贝之间观察到不平衡的基因丢失和表达。对萜烯合酶 (TPS) 基因家族的基因保留、表达、代谢组学和比较基因组分析表明，串联复制有助于香菜 TPS 基因家族的扩展，特别是与胡萝卜对应物相比，该基因家族参与萜类生物合成途径，有助于香菜的特殊风味。值得注意的是，在所研究的所有 4 个组织和 3 个发育阶段中高表达的 TPS 基因可能是编码芳樟醇合酶和月桂烯合酶的主效基因。目前的基因组测序、转录组、代谢组和比较基因组工作为伞形科和其他相关植物的基因组进化和香料性状生物学提供了宝贵的见解，并促进了对重要基因功能和作物改良的进一步研究。