Abstract The most severe mass extinction in the Phanerozoic in the latest Permian Period (251.9 Ma), has been attributed to environmental effects related to the massive coeval Siberian flood-basalt eruptions. A potential causal link between the eruptions and the marine extinctions arises from lethal global warming from greenhouse-gas emissions and the resulting development of widespread hypoxic conditions in the warm oceans. The 331-m Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria) penetrated the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in a western Tethys shallow carbonate-ramp setting. We calculated U/Th ratios and element-enrichment factors (for U, Cr, V, Co, and Ni) using the previously published raw elemental data from the core. These redox-sensitive proxy calculations provide evidence for an ~60-ky long episode of anoxic to euxinic ocean conditions in the shallow western Tethys at the time of the abrupt end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). Subsequent fluctuating dysoxic conditions were coincident with a negative excursion of δ13Ccarb that is estimated to have lasted ~450 ky in the earliest Triassic at the GK-1 site. These findings in a high-deposition-rate section support previous reports of widespread anoxia in the western Tethys, and in the oceans in general, coincident with the EPME and its aftermath.

中文翻译：

---

来自 Gartnerkofel-1 核心（奥地利卡尼克阿尔卑斯山）的关于二叠纪末大灭绝事件期间西特提斯群岛缺氧条件的代理证据

摘要 在最近的二叠纪（251.9 Ma）显生宙发生的最严重的大规模灭绝被归因于与同期西伯利亚大洪水-玄武岩喷发相关的环境影响。火山喷发与海洋灭绝之间的潜在因果关系源于温室气体排放导致的致命全球变暖以及温暖海洋中广泛缺氧条件的发展。331 米 Gartnerkofel-1 岩心（奥地利卡尼克阿尔卑斯山）在西特提斯浅碳酸盐岩斜坡环境中穿透了二叠纪-三叠纪边界层段。我们使用先前发布的来自岩心的原始元素数据计算了 U/Th 比率和元素富集因子（对于 U、Cr、V、Co 和 Ni）。这些对氧化还原敏感的替代计算提供了证据，证明在二叠纪末突然大灭绝 (EPME) 时，特提斯西部浅海中出现了约 60 ky 长的缺氧到富氧海洋条件。随后波动的缺氧条件与 δ13Ccarb 的负偏移同时发生，估计在 GK-1 站点最早的三叠纪中持续了约 450 ky。这些在高沉积率剖面中的发现支持了先前关于特提斯西部和整个海洋中普遍缺氧的报告，与 EPME 及其后果相吻合。