The number of people preferring plant-based nutrition is growing continuously in the western world. Vegetarianism and veganism are also becoming increasingly popular among individuals participating in sport. However, whether recreationally active vegetarian and vegan populations can meet their nutritional needs is not clear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the nutrient intake of omnivorous (OMN, n = 27), lacto-ovo vegetarian (LOV, n = 25) and vegan (VEG, n = 27) recreational runners (two to five training sessions per week) with intake recommendations of the German, Austrian and Swiss Nutrition Societies (Deutsche, Österreichische und Schweizerische Gesellschaften für Ernährung, D-A-CH) for the general population. Lifestyle factors and supplement intake were examined via questionnaires; dietary habits and nutrient intake were determined based on 3-day dietary records. More than half of each group did not reach the recommended energy intake (OMN: 10.4, 8.70–12.1; LOV: 9.67, 8.55–10.8; VEG: 10.2, 9.12–11.3 MJ). Carbohydrate intake was slightly below the recommendations of > 50 EN% in OMN (46.7, 43.6–49.8 EN%), while LOV (49.4, 45.5–53.3 EN%) and VEG (55.2, 51.4–59.0 EN%) consumed adequate amounts (p = 0.003). The recommended protein intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight (D-A-CH) was exceeded in all three groups (OMN: 1.50, 1.27–1.66; LOV: 1.34, 1.09–1.56; VEG: 1.25; 1.07–1.42 g/kg BW; p = 0.047). Only VEG (26.3, 22.7–29.8 EN%) did not achieve the recommended fat intake of 30 EN%. The supply of micronutrients, such as vitamin D and cobalamin, was dependent on supplement intake. Additionally, female OMN and LOV achieved the recommended daily intake of 15 mg iron only after supplementation, while VEG consumed adequate amounts solely via food. All three groups were sufficiently supplied with most nutrients despite the exceptions mentioned above. The VEG group even showed advantages in nutrient intake (e.g. carbohydrates, fiber and iron) in comparison to the other groups. However, the demand for energy and several macro- and micronutrients might be higher for athletes. Thus, it is also necessary to analyze the endogenous status of nutrients to evaluate the influence of a vegetarian and vegan diet on the nutrient supply of athletes. German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00012377), registered on April 28, 2017.

中文翻译：

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杂食性、蛋奶素食者和纯素食跑步者的特征、饮食习惯和营养摄入——一项试点研究

在西方世界，喜欢植物性营养的人数不断增加。素食主义和纯素食主义在参与体育运动的个人中也越来越受欢迎。然而，从事休闲活动的素食主义者和纯素食人群能否满足他们的营养需求尚不清楚。这项横断面研究的目的是比较杂食性（OMN，n = 27）、蛋奶素食（LOV，n = 25）和纯素食（VEG，n = 27）休闲跑步者（两到五名每周培训课程）以及德国、奥地利和瑞士营养协会（Deutsche、Österreichische und Schweizerische Gesellschaften für Ernährung、DA-CH）针对普通人群的摄入量建议。通过问卷调查生活方式因素和补充剂摄入量；根据3天的饮食记录确定饮食习惯和营养摄入量。每组中超过一半的人未达到推荐的能量摄入量（OMN：10.4、8.70-12.1；LOV：9.67、8.55-10.8；VEG：10.2、9.12-11.3 MJ）。OMN 中碳水化合物的摄入量略低于建议值 > 50 EN%（46.7, 43.6–49.8 EN%），而 LOV（49.4, 45.5–53.3 EN%）和 VEG（55.2, 51.4–59.0 EN%）消耗了足够的量（ p = 0.003）。所有三组均超出建议的 0.8 克/公斤体重 (DA-CH) 蛋白质摄入量（OMN：1.50、1.27–1.66；LOV：1.34、1.09–1.56；VEG：1.25；1.07–1.42 g/kg BW） ；p = 0.047）。只有 VEG (26.3, 22.7–29.8 EN%) 没有达到建议的 30 EN% 脂肪摄入量。维生素 D 和钴胺素等微量营养素的供应取决于补充剂的摄入量。此外，女性 OMN 和 LOV 仅在补充后才达到建议的每日 15 毫克铁摄入量，而 VEG 仅通过食物摄入足够的量。尽管有上述例外情况，但所有三组都获得了充足的大部分营养。与其他组相比，VEG 组甚至在营养摄入（例如碳水化合物、纤维和铁）方面表现出优势。然而，运动员对能量以及多种常量和微量营养素的需求可能更高。因此，还需要分析营养素的内源状态，以评估素食和纯素饮食对运动员营养供应的影响。德国临床试验注册中心（DRKS00012377），注册于2017年4月28日。