Since the dawn of life, bacteria and phages are locked in a constant battle and both are perpetually changing their tactics to overcome each other. Bacteria use various strategies to overcome the invading phages, including adsorption inhibition, restriction-modification (R/E) systems, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) systems, abortive infection (Abi), etc. To counteract, phages employ intelligent tactics for the nullification of bacterial defense systems, such as accessing host receptors, evading R/E systems, and anti-CRISPR proteins. Intense knowledge about the details of these defense pathways is the basis for their broad utilities in various fields of research from microbiology to biotechnology. Hence, in this review, we discuss some strategies used by bacteria to inhibit phage infections as well as phage tactics to circumvent bacterial defense systems. In addition, the application of these strategies will be described as a lesson learned from bacteria and phage combats. The ecological factors that affect the evolution of bacterial immune systems is the other issue represented in this review.

中文翻译：

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噬菌体与细菌的相互作用：共同进化的军备竞赛。

从生命的曙光开始，细菌和噬菌体就一直处于不断的战斗中，并且它们都在不断改变其策略以相互克服。细菌使用各种策略来克服入侵的噬菌体，包括吸附抑制，限制性修饰（R / E）系统，CRISPR-Cas（聚簇的规则间隔的短回文重复序列-CRISPR相关蛋白）系统，流产感染（Abi）等。为了抵消，噬菌体采用智能策略使细菌防御系统无效，例如进入宿主受体，逃避R / E系统和抗CRISPR蛋白。关于这些防御途径的详细知识，是它们在从微生物学到生物技术的各个研究领域中广泛应用的基础。因此，在这篇评论中，我们讨论了细菌用来抑制噬菌体感染的一些策略，以及规避细菌防御系统的噬菌体策略。此外，将这些策略的应用描述为从细菌和噬菌体斗争中汲取的教训。影响细菌免疫系统进化的生态因素是本综述中的另一个问题。