OBJECTIVES A bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA) was produced as new biomaterial, however, the production of a material with consistently high flexural strength remains challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, and TiO2 nanotubes (1%, 2%, and 5% by weight) on the microstructure and flexural strength of a bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA). METHODS Discs (Ø=12.5mm; thickness=1.3mm) were prepared and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), and observation with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), biaxial flexural strength (BFS) testing, and Vickers hardness (VH) testing. The BFS and VH data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (α=0.05) and Weibull analysis. RESULTS The XRD showed that the addition of nanomaterials caused the formation of a secondary phase when 5% of the ZnO nanoparticles was used, or when all percentages of the TiO2 nanoparticles/nanotubes were used, and the HA crystallographic planes were maintained. Differences were not observed between the higher BFS values obtained with pure HA and those obtained with the 5% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. However, the results were different compared with the other groups (α=0.05). The results obtained by Weibull analysis revealed that the 1%, 2%, and 5% addition of TiO2 nanotubes, and the 1% and 2% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles decreased the HA characteristic strength (σ0), while the Weibull modulus (m) increased when 5% of TiO2 nanoparticles, 1% and 2% of ZnO nanoparticles, and 2% of TiO2 nanoparticles were added, but with no statistical difference from the pure HA. The 5% addition of ZnO2 nanoparticles decreased the σ0 without changing m. Moreover, the 5% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in an m closest to that of pure HA. Regarding the VH results, the blend of HA with 1% and 2% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited the higher values, which were similar between the different addition ratios (p=0.102). Moreover, the addition of 5% TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in higher value compared with pure HA. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that the HA blend with 5% of TiO2 nanoparticles has the greatest potential as a bovine HA dense bioceramic reinforcement.

中文翻译：

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ZnO / TiO2纳米颗粒和TiO2纳米管对牛骨致密多晶羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷的影响。

目的制备牛致密的羟基磷灰石陶瓷（HA）作为新的生物材料，然而，生产具有始终如一的高弯曲强度的材料仍然具有挑战性。这项研究的目的是评估ZnO纳米颗粒，TiO2纳米颗粒和TiO2纳米管（按重量计分别为1％，2％和5％）对牛致密羟基磷灰石陶瓷（HA）的微观结构和抗弯强度的影响。方法制备直径Ø= 12.5mm；厚度= 1.3mm的光盘，并进行X射线衍射（XRD），场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）观察，双轴弯曲强度（BFS）测试以及维氏硬度（VH）测试。对BFS和VH数据进行方差分析和Tukey事后检验（α= 0.05）和Weibull分析。结果X射线衍射表明，当使用5％的ZnO纳米颗粒时，或者当使用所有百分比的TiO2纳米颗粒/纳米管时，纳米材料的添加会导致第二相的形成，并且保持了HA晶面。用纯HA获得的较高BFS值与添加5％TiO2纳米颗粒获得的BFS值之间未观察到差异。但是，结果与其他组相比有所不同（α= 0.05）。Weibull分析获得的结果表明，分别添加TiO2纳米管的1％，2％和5％，以及添加TiO2纳米颗粒的1％和2％，均会降低HA特性强度（σ0），而Weibull模量（m）当添加5％的TiO2纳米颗粒，1％和2％的ZnO纳米颗粒以及2％的TiO2纳米颗粒时，添加量增加，但与纯HA并无统计差异。添加5％的ZnO2纳米颗粒可降低σ0而不改变m。此外，添加5％的TiO2纳米粒子导致m最接近纯HA。关于VH结果，添加1％和2％的TiO2纳米粒子的HA的共混物显示出较高的值，在不同的添加比例之间相似（p = 0.102）。此外，与纯HA相比，添加5％TiO2纳米颗粒可获得更高的价值。意义这项研究表明，与5％的TiO2纳米粒子共混的HA具有作为牛HA密集型生物陶瓷增强材料的最大潜力。关于VH结果，添加1％和2％的TiO2纳米粒子的HA的共混物显示出较高的值，这在不同的添加比率之间是相似的（p = 0.102）。此外，与纯HA相比，添加5％TiO2纳米颗粒可获得更高的价值。意义这项研究表明，与5％的TiO2纳米粒子共混的HA具有作为牛HA密集型生物陶瓷增强材料的最大潜力。关于VH结果，添加1％和2％的TiO2纳米粒子的HA的共混物显示出较高的值，在不同的添加比例之间相似（p = 0.102）。此外，与纯HA相比，添加5％TiO2纳米颗粒可获得更高的价值。意义这项研究表明，与5％的TiO2纳米粒子共混的HA具有作为牛HA密集型生物陶瓷增强材料的最大潜力。