The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning processes can modify peripheral immune functions was first reported and investigated by Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his co-workers. Their work later fell into oblivion, also because so little was known about the immune system's function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. With the employment of a taste-avoidance paradigm in rats, this phenomenon was rediscovered 45 yr ago as one of the most fascinating examples of the reciprocal functional interaction between behavior, the brain, and peripheral immune functions, and it established psychoneuroimmunology as a new research field. Relying on growing knowledge about efferent and afferent communication pathways between the brain, neuroendocrine system, primary and secondary immune organs, and immunocompetent cells, experimental animal studies demonstrate that cellular and humoral immune and neuroendocrine functions can be modulated via associative learning protocols. These (from the classical perspective) learned immune responses are clinically relevant, since they affect the development and progression of immune-related diseases and, more importantly, are also inducible in humans. The increased knowledge about the neuropsychological machinery steering learning and memory processes together with recent insight into the mechanisms mediating placebo responses provide fascinating perspectives to exploit these learned immune and neuroendocrine responses as supportive therapies, the aim being to reduce the amount of medication required, diminishing unwanted drug side effects while maximizing the therapeutic effect for the patient's benefit.

中文翻译：

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免疫和神经内分泌功能的巴甫洛夫条件。

在过去的100年中，研究了行为调节的免疫和神经内分泌功能的现象。伊万·彼得罗维奇·帕夫洛夫（Ivan Petrovic Pavlov）及其同事首次报道并研究了联想学习过程可以改变外周免疫功能的观点。他们的工作后来被遗忘了，这也是因为对免疫系统功能的了解甚少，而对中枢神经系统活动如何影响周围免疫反应的潜在机制了解甚少。通过在大鼠中采用避味范例，这种现象在45年前重新发现，是行为，大脑和外周免疫功能之间相互交互的最引人入胜的例子之一，它建立了神经神经免疫学作为一项新研究。场地。依靠对大脑，神经内分泌系统，一级和二级免疫器官以及免疫功能细胞之间传出和传出通信途径的日益了解，实验动物研究表明，可以通过联想学习协议调节细胞和体液免疫和神经内分泌功能。这些（从经典的角度来看）学习到的免疫反应在临床上是相关的，因为它们影响免疫相关疾病的发展和进程，更重要的是，在人类中也是可诱导的。关于神经心理学机制指导学习和记忆过程的知识的增加，以及对调解安慰剂反应的机制的最新见识，为将这些学到的免疫和神经内分泌反应用作支持疗法提供了有趣的观点，