Neuronuclear imaging has been used for several decades in the study of primary neurodegenerative conditions, such as dementia and parkinsonian syndromes, both for research and for clinical purposes. There has been a relative paucity of applications of neuronuclear imaging to evaluate nonneurodegenerative conditions that can also have long-term effects on cognition and function. This article summarizes clinical and imaging aspects of 3 such conditions that have garnered considerable attention in recent years: cancer- and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and traumatic brain injury. Further, we describe current research using neuroimaging tools aimed to better understand the relationships between the clinical presentations and brain structure and function in these conditions.

神经核成像已用于研究原发性神经退行性疾病（例如痴呆和帕金森综合症）数十年，既用于研究目的，也用于临床目的。神经核成像技术在评估非神经退行性疾病方面的应用相对较少，该疾病也可能对认知和功能产生长期影响。本文总结了近年来引起广泛关注的3种此类疾病的临床和影像学方面：与癌症和化学疗法相关的认知障碍，创伤后应激障碍和颅脑外伤。此外，我们描述了使用神经影像工具的当前研究，旨在更好地了解这些情况下临床表现与大脑结构和功能之间的关系。