Retrograde signals are signals that originate in organelles to regulate nuclear gene expression. In plant cells, retrograde signaling from both chloroplasts and mitochondria is essential for plant development and growth. Over the past few years, substantial progress has been made in unraveling the linkages between chloroplast retrograde signaling and nuclear RNA metabolism processes or plastidial RNA editing. These findings add to the complexity of the regulation of organelle-to-nucleus communication. Chloroplast development and function rely on the coordinated regulation of chloroplast and nuclear gene expression, especially under stress conditions. A better understanding of retrograde signaling and RNA metabolism, as well as their connection, is essential for breeding stress-tolerant plants to cope with the dynamic and rapidly changing environment.

逆行信号是起源于细胞器以调节核基因表达的信号。在植物细胞中，叶绿体和线粒体的逆行信号对于植物发育和生长至关重要。在过去的几年中，在揭示叶绿体逆行信号与核RNA代谢过程或质体RNA编辑之间的联系方面取得了实质性进展。这些发现增加了细胞器与细胞核通讯调节的复杂性。叶绿体的发育和功能依赖于叶绿体和核基因表达的协调调节，特别是在胁迫条件下。更好地了解逆行信号和RNA代谢及其联系，