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Cross-talk between SIM2s and NFκB regulates cyclooxygenase 2 expression in breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Research ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-29 , DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1224-y
Garhett L Wyatt 1 , Lyndsey S Crump 2, 3 , Chloe M Young 2, 3 , Veronica M Wessells 2, 3 , Cole M McQueen 1 , Steven W Wall 1 , Tanya L Gustafson 1 , Yang-Yi Fan 4 , Robert S Chapkin 4 , Weston W Porter 1 , Traci R Lyons 2, 3
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. Thus, there is an increasing need to investigate novel prognostic markers and therapeutic methods. Inflammation raises challenges in treating and preventing the spread of breast cancer. Specifically, the nuclear factor kappa b (NFκB) pathway contributes to cancer progression by stimulating proliferation and preventing apoptosis. One target gene of this pathway is PTGS2, which encodes for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and is upregulated in 40% of human breast carcinomas. COX-2 is an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins, which mediate inflammation. Here, we investigate the effect of Singleminded-2s (SIM2s), a transcriptional tumor suppressor that is implicated in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, in regulating NFκB signaling and COX-2. METHODS For in vitro experiments, reporter luciferase assays were utilized in MCF7 cells to investigate promoter activity of NFκB and SIM2. Real-time PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed in SUM159 and MCF7 cells. For in vivo experiments, MCF10DCIS.COM cells stably expressing SIM2s-FLAG or shPTGS2 were injected into SCID mice and subsequent tumors harvested for immunostaining and analysis. RESULTS Our results reveal that SIM2 attenuates the activation of NFκB as measured using NFκB-luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, immunostaining of lysates from breast cancer cells overexpressing SIM2s showed reduction in various NFκB signaling proteins, as well as pAkt, whereas knockdown of SIM2 revealed increases in NFκB signaling proteins and pAkt. Additionally, we show that NFκB signaling can act in a reciprocal manner to decrease expression of SIM2s. Likewise, suppressing NFκB translocation in DCIS.COM cells increased SIM2s expression. We also found that NFκB/p65 represses SIM2 in a dose-dependent manner, and when NFκB is suppressed, the effect on the SIM2 is negated. Additionally, our ChIP analysis confirms that NFκB/p65 binds directly to SIM2 promoter site and that the NFκB sites in the SIM2 promoter are required for NFκB-mediated suppression of SIM2s. Finally, overexpression of SIM2s decreases PTGS2 in vitro, and COX-2 staining in vivo while decreasing PTGS2 and/or COX-2 activity results in re-expression of SIM2. CONCLUSION Our findings identify a novel role for SIM2s in NFκB signaling and COX-2 expression.

中文翻译:

SIM2和NFκB之间的串扰调节了乳腺癌中环氧合酶2的表达。

背景技术乳腺癌是美国女性与癌症相关的死亡的主要原因。因此,越来越需要研究新的预后标志物和治疗方法。炎症在治疗和预防乳腺癌扩散方面提出了挑战。具体而言,核因子κB(NFκB)途径可通过刺激增殖和防止细胞凋亡来促进癌症进展。该途径的一个靶基因是PTGS2,它编码环氧合酶2(COX-2),在40%的人类乳腺癌中被上调。COX-2是一种参与前列腺素生产的酶,可介导炎症。在这里,我们研究Singleminded-2s(SIM2s),一种转录肿瘤抑制因子,其在抑制肿瘤生长和转移方面涉及调节NFκB信号传导和COX-2的作用。方法为了进行体外实验,在MCF7细胞中使用了报告荧光素酶试验来研究NFκB和SIM2的启动子活性。在SUM159和MCF7细胞中进行了实时PCR,免疫印迹,免疫组织化学和染色质免疫沉淀测定。为了进行体内实验,将稳定表达SIM2s-FLAG或shPTGS2的MCF10DCIS.COM细胞注射到SCID小鼠中,然后收集随后的肿瘤进行免疫染色和分析。结果我们的结果表明,使用NFκB-荧光素酶报告基因检测法检测到,SIM2减弱了NFκB的激活。此外,来自过表达SIM2s的乳腺癌细胞的裂解物的免疫染色显示各种NFκB信号蛋白以及pAkt减少,而敲低SIM2显示NFκB信号蛋白和pAkt增加。此外,我们表明,NFκB信号传导可以以相互的方式减少SIM2s的表达。同样,抑制DCIS.COM细胞中的NFκB易位可增加SIM2s的表达。我们还发现NFκB/ p65以剂量依赖的方式抑制SIM2,并且当NFκB被抑制时,对SIM2的作用就被抵消了。此外,我们的ChIP分析证实NFκB/ p65直接与SIM2启动子位点结合,并且NFκB介导的SIM2抑制需要SIM2启动子中的NFκB位点。最后,SIM2的过表达在体外可降低PTGS2,而体内的COX-2染色在降低PTGS2和/或COX-2活性的同时可导致SIM2的重新表达。结论我们的发现确定了SIM2s在NFκB信号传导和COX-2表达中的新作用。抑制DCIS.COM细胞中的NFκB易位增加了SIM2s的表达。我们还发现NFκB/ p65以剂量依赖的方式抑制SIM2,并且当NFκB被抑制时,对SIM2的作用就被抵消了。此外,我们的ChIP分析证实NFκB/ p65直接与SIM2启动子位点结合,并且NFκB介导的SIM2抑制需要SIM2启动子中的NFκB位点。最后,SIM2的过表达在体外可降低PTGS2,而体内的COX-2染色在降低PTGS2和/或COX-2活性的同时可导致SIM2的重新表达。结论我们的发现确定了SIM2s在NFκB信号传导和COX-2表达中的新作用。抑制DCIS.COM细胞中的NFκB易位增加了SIM2s的表达。我们还发现NFκB/ p65以剂量依赖的方式抑制SIM2,并且当NFκB被抑制时,对SIM2的作用就被抵消了。此外,我们的ChIP分析证实NFκB/ p65直接与SIM2启动子位点结合,并且NFκB介导的SIM2抑制需要SIM2启动子中的NFκB位点。最后,SIM2的过表达在体外可降低PTGS2,而体内的COX-2染色在降低PTGS2和/或COX-2活性的同时可导致SIM2的重新表达。结论我们的发现确定了SIM2s在NFκB信号传导和COX-2表达中的新作用。此外,我们的ChIP分析证实NFκB/ p65直接与SIM2启动子位点结合,并且NFκB介导的SIM2抑制需要SIM2启动子中的NFκB位点。最后,SIM2的过表达在体外可降低PTGS2,而体内的COX-2染色在降低PTGS2和/或COX-2活性的同时可导致SIM2的重新表达。结论我们的发现确定了SIM2s在NFκB信号传导和COX-2表达中的新作用。此外,我们的ChIP分析证实NFκB/ p65直接与SIM2启动子位点结合,并且NFκB介导的SIM2抑制需要SIM2启动子中的NFκB位点。最后,SIM2的过表达在体外可降低PTGS2,而体内的COX-2染色在降低PTGS2和/或COX-2活性的同时可导致SIM2的重新表达。结论我们的发现确定了SIM2s在NFκB信号传导和COX-2表达中的新作用。
更新日期:2019-11-30
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