We searched the PubMed database for clinical trials and observational human studies about postexposure vaccination effects, targeting infections with approved vaccines and vaccines licensed outside the United States against dengue, hepatitis E, malaria, and tick-borne encephalitis. Studies of animal models, serologic testing, and pipeline vaccines were excluded. Eligible studies were evaluated by definition of exposure; attempts to distinguish pre- and postexposure effects were rated on a scale of 1 to 4. We screened 4,518 articles and ultimately identified for this review 14 clinical trials and 31 observational studies spanning 7 of the 28 vaccine-preventable diseases. For secondary attack rate, the following medians were found for postexposure vaccination effectiveness: hepatitis A, 85% (interquartile range (IQR), 28; n = 5 sources); hepatitis B, 85% (IQR, 22; n = 5 sources); measles, 83% (IQR, 21; n = 8 sources); varicella, 67% (IQR: 48; n = 9 sources); smallpox, 45% (IQR, 39; n = 4 sources); and mumps, 38% (IQR, 7; n = 2 sources). For case fatality proportions resulting from rabies and smallpox, the median vaccine postexposure efficacies were 100% (IQR, 0; n = 6 sources) and 63% (IQR, 50; n = 8 sources), respectively. Many available vaccines can modify or preclude disease if administered after exposure. This postexposure effectiveness could be important to consider during vaccine trials and while developing new vaccines.

中文翻译：

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疫苗对传染病的暴露后影响。

我们在 PubMed 数据库中检索了有关暴露后疫苗接种效果的临床试验和观察性人体研究，针对感染使用已批准的疫苗和美国境外许可的登革热、戊型肝炎、疟疾和蜱传脑炎疫苗。动物模型、血清学测试和管道疫苗的研究被排除在外。符合条件的研究根据暴露的定义进行评估；区分暴露前和暴露后影响的尝试按 1 到 4 的等级进行评分。我们筛选了 4,518 篇文章，最终为本次综述确定了 14 项临床试验和 31 项观察性研究，涉及 28 种疫苗可预防疾病中的 7 种。对于继发发作率，暴露后疫苗接种有效性的中位数如下：甲型肝炎，85%（四分位距 (IQR)，28；n = 5 个来源）；乙型肝炎，85%（IQR，22；n = 5 个来源）；麻疹，83%（IQR，21；n = 8 来源）；水痘，67%（IQR：48；n = 9 个来源）；天花，45%（IQR，39；n = 4 个来源）；流行性腮腺炎，38%（IQR，7；n = 2 个来源）。对于狂犬病和天花引起的病死率，疫苗暴露后效力中位数分别为 100%（IQR，0；n = 6 个来源）和 63%（IQR，50；n = 8 个来源）。如果在接触后接种，许多可用的疫苗可以改变或预防疾病。在疫苗试验和开发新疫苗期间，考虑这种暴露后的有效性可能很重要。