The ability of cancer immunotherapy to generate lasting responses in a broad spectrum of tumors has generated great enthusiasm in medical oncology. A number of new immune-based compounds have now been approved based on the recent success of immune checkpoint blockade, either administered as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. Because clinical activity is limited only to subsets of patients, two major goals of cancer immunotherapy are (1) to reliably identify responders to these current treatments, and (2) to increase the number of patients who can respond to immunotherapy by developing new strategies. These goals are critically important since the hallmark of immune-based therapies is the induction of durable immunologic and clinical responses that result in overall survival benefit. Innovative combination strategies have great potential for bringing the benefit of immunotherapy to more patients. The use of cancer vaccines to actively induce immune effectors together with other drugs, which may include immune checkpoint blockade, chemotherapy, and/or molecularly targeted agents, is a particularly attractive strategy. Cancer vaccines have been tested both to prevent or intercept the development of cancer, and to decrease established tumor burdens. No vaccine has yet been approved for either breast cancer treatment or prevention. Here, we review the history of breast cancer vaccine development, and highlight near-term opportunities for moving forward.

中文翻译：

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乳腺癌疫苗：吸取过去的教训以指导前进的道路。

癌症免疫疗法在广泛的肿瘤中产生持久应答的能力在医学肿瘤学领域产生了极大的热情。基于免疫检查点封锁的最新成功，许多新的基于免疫的化合物已获批准，可以单药治疗或与其他药物联用。由于临床活动仅限于部分患者，因此癌症免疫治疗的两个主要目标是（1）可靠地确定对这些当前治疗的反应者，以及（2）通过制定新策略来增加对免疫治疗有反应的患者数量。这些目标至关重要，因为基于免疫的疗法的标志是诱导持久的免疫和临床反应，从而带来整体生存益处。创新的联合策略在为更多患者带来免疫治疗方面具有巨大潜力。使用癌症疫苗与其他药物（包括免疫检查点封锁，化学疗法和/或分子靶向药物）一起积极诱导免疫效应子是一种特别有吸引力的策略。已经对癌症疫苗进行了测试，以预防或拦截癌症的发展，并减少已建立的肿瘤负担。尚未批准任何疫苗可用于乳腺癌的治疗或预防。在这里，我们回顾了乳腺癌疫苗开发的历史，并强调了向前发展的近期机会。其中可能包括免疫检查点封锁，化学疗法和/或分子靶向药物在内的一种特别有吸引力的策略。已经对癌症疫苗进行了测试，以预防或拦截癌症的发展，并减少已建立的肿瘤负担。尚未批准任何疫苗可用于乳腺癌的治疗或预防。在这里，我们回顾了乳腺癌疫苗开发的历史，并强调了向前发展的近期机会。其中可能包括免疫检查点封锁，化学疗法和/或分子靶向药物在内的一种特别有吸引力的策略。已经测试了癌症疫苗可以预防或拦截癌症的发展，并减少已建立的肿瘤负担。尚未批准任何疫苗可用于乳腺癌的治疗或预防。在这里，我们回顾了乳腺癌疫苗开发的历史，并强调了向前发展的近期机会。