Undoubtedly, hydrogen (H₂) is a clean feedstock and energy carrier whose sustainable production should be anticipated. The pyrolysis of biomass or waste plastics and the subsequent reforming over base (transition) or noble metals supported catalysts allows reaching elevated H₂ yields. However, the catalyst used in the reforming step undergoes a rapid and severe deactivation by means of a series of physicochemical phenomena, including metal sintering, metallic phase oxidation, thermal degradation of the support and, more notoriously, coke deposition. This review deals with the currently existing alternatives at the catalyst and reactor level to cope with catalyst deactivation and increase process stability, and then delves with the fundamental phenomena occurring during this catalyst deactivation. An emphasis is placed on coke deposition and its influence on deactivation, which depends on its location, chemical nature, morphology, precursors or formation mechanism, among others. We also discuss the challenges for increasing the value of the carbon materials formed and therefore, enhance process viability.

毫无疑问，氢（H ₂）是一种清洁的原料和能源载体，其可持续生产应可预期。生物质或废塑料的热解以及随后在碱（过渡）或贵金属负载的催化剂上的重整可以使H ₂升高产量。然而，通过一系列物理化学现象，包括金属烧结，金属相氧化，载体的热降解以及更着名的是焦炭沉积，重整步骤中使用的催化剂经历了快速而严重的失活。这篇综述在催化剂和反应器水平上处理了当前存在的替代品，以应对催化剂失活并提高工艺稳定性，然后研究了在催化剂失活过程中发生的基本现象。重点放在焦炭沉积及其对失活的影响上，这取决于焦炭的位置，化学性质，形态，前体或形成机理等。我们还将讨论提高所形成的碳材料的价值并因此提高工艺可行性的挑战。