The opioid epidemic is a growing public concern affecting millions of people worldwide. Opioid-induced reward is the initial and key process leading to opioid abuse and addiction. Therefore, a better understanding of opioid reward may be helpful in developing a treatment for opioid addiction. Emerging evidence suggests that glial cells, particularly microglia and astrocytes, play an essential role in modulating opioid reward. Indeed, glial cells and their associated immune signaling actively regulate neural activity and plasticity, and directly modulate opioid-induced rewarding behaviors. In this review, we describe the neuroimmune mechanisms of how glial cells affect synaptic transmission and plasticity as well as how opioids can activate glial cells affecting the glial-neuronal interaction. Last, we summarize current attempts of applying glial modulators in treating opioid reward.

中文翻译：

---

阿片样物质奖励中的神经胶质神经免疫信号传导。

阿片类药物流行病日益引起公众的关注，影响了全世界数百万人。阿片类药物引起的报酬是导致阿片类药物滥用和成瘾的最初和关键过程。因此，更好地了解阿片类药物的奖励可能有助于开发阿片类药物成瘾的治疗方法。越来越多的证据表明，神经胶质细胞，尤其是小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞，在调节阿片样物质的奖励中起着至关重要的作用。确实，神经胶质细胞及其相关的免疫信号主动调节神经活动和可塑性，并直接调节阿片样物质诱导的奖励行为。在这篇综述中，我们描述了神经胶质细胞如何影响突触传递和可塑性以及阿片类药物如何激活影响神经胶质-神经元相互作用的神经胶质细胞的神经免疫机制。最后的，