One can point to a variety of historical milestones for gender equality in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), however, practical effects are incremental and ongoing. It is important to quantify gender differences in subdomains of scientific work in order to detect potential biases and monitor progress. In this work, we study the relevance of gender in scientific collaboration patterns in the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), a professional society with sixteen peer-reviewed journals. Using their publication data from 1952 to 2016, we constructed a large temporal bipartite network between authors and publications, and augmented the author nodes with gender labels. We characterized differences in several basic statistics of this network over time, highlighting how they have changed with respect to relevant historical events. We find a steady increase in participation by women (e.g., fraction of authorships by women and of new women authors) starting around 1980. However, women still comprise less than 25% of the INFORMS society and an even smaller fraction of authors with many publications. Moreover, we describe a methodology for quantifying the structural role of an authorship with respect to the overall connectivity of the network, using it to measure subtle differences between authorships by women and by men. Specifically, as measures of structural importance of an authorship, we use effective resistance and contraction importance, two measures related to diffusion throughout a network. As a null model, we propose a degree-preserving temporal and geometric network model with emergent communities. Our results suggest the presence of systematic differences between the collaboration patterns of men and women that cannot be explained by only local statistics.

中文翻译：

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临时科学作者网络中的性别和协作模式

可以指出STEM中性别平等的各种历史性里程碑（科学，技术，工程和数学），但是，实际效果是渐进的且持续不断的。重要的是量化科学工作子领域中的性别差异，以便发现潜在的偏见并监测进展。在这项工作中，我们在运营研究与管理科学学院（INFORMS）中研究了性别在科学合作模式中的相关性，该研究所是一个拥有十六种同行评审期刊的专业协会。利用他们从1952年到2016年的出版数据，我们在作者和出版物之间建立了一个大型的时间双向网络，并用性别标签扩展了作者节点。随着时间的推移，我们对该网络的一些基本统计数据的差异进行了表征，突出说明它们在相关历史事件方面的变化。我们发现，从1980年左右开始，妇女的参与率稳步上升（例如，妇女和新女性作者的著作权份额有所下降）。但是，在INFORMS社会中，妇女所占比例仍不到25％，在许多出版物中，妇女所占的比例甚至更低。此外，我们描述了一种方法，用于量化作者身份相对于网络的整体连通性的结构性作用，使用该方法来衡量女性和男性之间的作者身份之间的细微差异。具体来说，作为作者结构重要性的衡量指标，我们使用有效的抗拒性和收缩重要性，这是与整个网络中的传播有关的两项衡量指标。作为空模型，我们提出了一个具有新兴社区的保度时态和几何网络模型。我们的研究结果表明，男女合作模式之间存在系统性差异，而这不能仅由当地统计数据来解释。