Future climate change is leading to the redistribution of life on Earth as species struggle to cope with rising temperatures. Local adaptation allows species to become locally optimised and persist despite environmental selection, but the extent to which this occurs in nature may be limited by dispersal and gene flow. Congeneric marine gastropod species (Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis) with markedly different developmental modes were collected from across a latitudinal thermal gradient to explore the prevalence of local adaptation to temperature. The acute response of metabolic rate (using oxygen consumption as a proxy) to up-ramping and down-ramping temperature regimes between 6-36ºC was quantified for five populations of each species. The highly dispersive L. littorea exhibited minimal evidence of local adaptation to the thermal gradient, with no change in thermal optimum (Topt) or thermal breadth (Tbr) and a decline in maximal performance (μmax) with increasing latitude. In contrast, the direct developing L. saxatilis displayed evidence of local optimisation, although these varied idiosyncratically with latitude, suggesting a suite of selective pressures may be involved in shaping thermal physiology in this relatively sedentary species. Our results show that the biogeography of thermal traits can differ significantly between related species, and show that inter-population differences in thermal performance do not necessarily follow simple patterns which may be predicted based on latitudinal changes in environmental temperatures. Further research is clearly required to better understand the mechanisms that can lead to the emergence of local adaptation in marine systems and allow improved predictions of species redistribution in response to climate change.

中文翻译：

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发展模式的差异是否会影响当地适应的潜力？

随着物种努力应对不断上升的气温，未来的气候变化正在导致地球上生命的重新分布。尽管有环境选择，局部适应允许物种在局部优化并持续存在，但这种情况在自然界中发生的程度可能会受到扩散和基因流动的限制。从整个纬度热梯度中收集具有显着不同发育模式的同类海洋腹足动物物种（Littorina littorea 和 L. saxatilis），以探索局部适应温度的普遍性。对于每个物种的五个种群，量化了代谢率（使用耗氧量作为代理）对 6-36ºC 之间的上升和下降温度制度的急性反应。高度分散的 L. littorea 表现出对热梯度的局部适应的最小证据，热最佳值 (Topt) 或热宽度 (Tbr) 没有变化，最大性能 (μmax) 随着纬度的增加而下降。相比之下，直接发育的 L. saxatilis 显示出局部优化的证据，尽管这些随纬度而异，这表明在这种相对久坐不动的物种中，一系列选择压力可能参与了热生理的形成。我们的结果表明，热性状的生物地理学在相关物种之间可能存在显着差异，并且表明种群间热性能的差异不一定遵循简单的模式，而这些模式可以根据环境温度的纬度变化进行预测。