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Gene expression profiles of dicyemid life-cycle stages may explain how dispersing larvae locate new hosts
Zoological Letters ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-13 , DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0146-y
Tsai-Ming Lu 1, 2 , Hidetaka Furuya 3 , Noriyuki Satoh 1
Affiliation  

Metazoans have evolved a great variety of life histories in response to environmental conditions. A unique example is encountered in dicyemid mesozoans. In addition to a highly simplified adult body comprising only ~ 30 cells, dicyemids exhibit a parasitic lifestyle that includes nematogens (asexual reproductive adults), rhombogens (sexual reproductive adults), vermiform larvae generated by nematogens, and infusoriform larvae generated by rhombogens. However, due to the difficulties of observing microscopic endoparasites, the complex life cycle and biological functions of life-cycle stages of dicyemids have remained mysterious. Taking advantage of the recently decoded genome of Dicyema japonicum, we examined genes that undergird this lifestyle. Using stage-specific gene expression profiles, we found that biological processes associated with molecular transport, developmental regulation, and sensory response are specified at different stages. Together with the expression of potential neurotransmitters, we further suggest that apical cells in infusoriform larva probably serve sensory functions, although dicyemids have no nervous system. Gene expression profiles show that more genes are expressed in free-living infusoriform larvae than in the other three stages, and that some of these genes are likely involved in locating new hosts. These data provide molecular information about the unique lifestyle of dicyemids and illustrate how an extremely simplified endoparasite adapted and retained gene sets and morphological characters to complete its life cycle.

中文翻译:

dicyemid生命周期阶段的基因表达谱可以解释分散幼虫如何定位新宿主

后生动物根据环境条件进化出了各种各样的生活史。在dicyemid mesozoans中遇到了一个独特的例子。除了仅包含约 30 个细胞的高度简化的成虫体外,dicyemids 还表现出寄生生活方式,包括线虫(无性生殖成虫)、菱形虫(有性生殖成虫)、线虫产生的蠕虫状幼虫和菱形体产生的滴虫状幼虫。然而,由于观察微观内寄生虫的困难,双孢虫的复杂生命周期和生命周期阶段的生物学功能仍然是个谜。利用最近解码的 Dicyema japonicum 基因组,我们检查了支撑这种生活方式的基因。使用特定阶段的基因表达谱,我们发现与分子运输、发育调节和感觉反应相关的生物过程在不同阶段都有规定。连同潜在神经递质的表达,我们进一步表明,丝状幼虫的顶端细胞可能具有感觉功能,尽管 dicyemids 没有神经系统。基因表达谱显示,在自由生活的滴虫状幼虫中表达的基因比其他三个阶段更多,并且其中一些基因可能参与定位新宿主。这些数据提供了有关 dicyemids 独特生活方式的分子信息,并说明了极其简化的内寄生虫如何适应和保留基因组和形态特征以完成其生命周期。和感官反应在不同阶段被指定。连同潜在神经递质的表达,我们进一步表明,丝状幼虫的顶端细胞可能具有感觉功能,尽管 dicyemids 没有神经系统。基因表达谱显示,在自由生活的滴虫状幼虫中表达的基因比其他三个阶段更多,并且其中一些基因可能参与定位新宿主。这些数据提供了有关 dicyemids 独特生活方式的分子信息,并说明了极其简化的内寄生虫如何适应和保留基因组和形态特征以完成其生命周期。和感官反应在不同阶段被指定。连同潜在神经递质的表达,我们进一步表明,丝状幼虫的顶端细胞可能具有感觉功能,尽管 dicyemids 没有神经系统。基因表达谱显示,在自由生活的滴虫状幼虫中表达的基因比其他三个阶段更多,并且其中一些基因可能参与定位新宿主。这些数据提供了有关 dicyemids 独特生活方式的分子信息,并说明了极其简化的内寄生虫如何适应和保留基因组和形态特征以完成其生命周期。虽然dicyemids没有神经系统。基因表达谱显示,在自由生活的滴虫状幼虫中表达的基因比其他三个阶段更多,并且其中一些基因可能参与定位新宿主。这些数据提供了有关 dicyemids 独特生活方式的分子信息,并说明了极其简化的内寄生虫如何适应和保留基因组和形态特征以完成其生命周期。虽然dicyemids没有神经系统。基因表达谱显示,在自由生活的滴虫状幼虫中表达的基因比其他三个阶段更多,并且其中一些基因可能参与定位新宿主。这些数据提供了有关 dicyemids 独特生活方式的分子信息,并说明了极其简化的内寄生虫如何适应和保留基因组和形态特征以完成其生命周期。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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