Our development and usage of engineered nanomaterials has grown exponentially despite concerns about their unfavourable cardiorespiratory consequence, one that parallels ambient ultrafine particle exposure from vehicle emissions. Most research in the field has so far focused on airway inflammation in response to nanoparticle inhalation, however, little is known about nanoparticle-microbiome interaction in the human airway and the environment. Emerging evidence illustrates that the airway, even in its healthy state, is not sterile. The resident human airway microbiome is further altered in chronic inflammatory respiratory disease however little is known about the impact of nanoparticle inhalation on this airway microbiome. The composition of the airway microbiome, which is involved in the development and progression of respiratory disease is dynamic, adding further complexity to understanding microbiota-host interaction in the lung, particularly in the context of nanoparticle exposure. This article reviews the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials, their body deposition after inhalation and factors that influence their fate. We evaluate what is currently known about nanoparticle-microbiome interactions in the human airway and summarise the known clinical, immunological and toxicological consequences of this relationship. While associations between inhaled ambient ultrafine particles and host immune-inflammatory response are known, the airway and environmental microbiomes likely act as intermediaries and facilitate individual susceptibility to inhaled nanoparticles and toxicants. Characterising the precise interaction between the environment and airway microbiomes, inhaled nanoparticles and the host immune system is therefore critical and will provide insight into mechanisms promoting nanoparticle induced airway damage.

中文翻译：

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吸入纳米材料和呼吸微生物组：临床，免疫学和毒理学的观点

尽管我们担心工程性纳米材料的不良心肺后果，但我们的开发和使用却呈指数级增长，这种后果可与车辆排放的环境超细颗粒暴露相提并论。迄今为止，该领域的大多数研究都集中在响应纳米颗粒吸入​​的气道炎症上，然而，关于人气道和环境中的纳米颗粒-微生物组相互作用的信息鲜为人知。越来越多的证据表明，即使处于健康状态，呼吸道也不是无菌的。在慢性炎症性呼吸系统疾病中，常驻人的气道微生物组会发生进一步的变化，然而，人们对于这种呼吸道微生物组吸入纳米颗粒的影响知之甚少。气道微生物组的组成，呼吸系统疾病的发生和发展所涉及的过程是动态的，尤其是在纳米颗粒暴露的情况下，进一步增加了理解肺中微生物群与宿主相互作用的复杂性。本文回顾了纳米材料的尺寸依赖性，吸入后它们在人体中的沉积以及影响其命运的因素。我们评估了当前有关人气道中纳米颗粒-微生物组相互作用的知识，并总结了这种关系的已知临床，免疫学和毒理学后果。虽然已知吸入的环境超细颗粒与宿主免疫炎症反应之间存在关联，但气道和环境微生物群落可能充当中介，并促进个体对吸入的纳米颗粒和有毒物质的易感性。