Carbon nanomaterials are a growing family of materials featuring unique physicochemical properties, and their widespread application is accompanied by increasing human exposure. Considerable efforts have been made to characterize the potential toxicity of carbon nanomaterials in vitro and in vivo. Many studies have reported various toxicology profiles of carbon nanomaterials. The different results of the cytotoxicity of the carbon-based materials might be related to the differences in the physicochemical properties or structures of carbon nanomaterials, types of target cells and methods of particle dispersion, etc. The reported cytotoxicity effects mainly included reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, lysosomal damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and eventual cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Despite the cellular toxicity, the immunological effects of the carbon-based nanomaterials, such as the pulmonary macrophage activation and inflammation induced by carbon nanomaterials, have been thoroughly studied. The roles of carbon nanomaterials in activating different immune cells or inducing immunosuppression have also been addressed. Conclusion: Here, we provide a review of the latest research findings on the toxicological profiles of carbon-based nanomaterials, highlighting both the cellular toxicities and immunological effects of carbon nanomaterials. This review provides information on the overall status, trends, and research needs for toxicological studies of carbon nanomaterials.

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碳基纳米材料的细胞毒性和免疫效应

碳纳米材料是一个不断发展的材料家族，具有独特的物理化学性质，其广泛应用伴随着人类接触的增加。为了表征碳纳米材料的体外和体内潜在毒性，人们付出了巨大的努力。许多研究报告了碳纳米材料的各种毒理学特征。碳基材料细胞毒性结果的不同可能与碳纳米材料的理化性质或结构、靶细胞类型和颗粒分散方法等的差异有关。已报道的细胞毒性效应主要包括活性氧的产生、DNA 损伤、溶酶体损伤、线粒体功能障碍以及最终细胞通过凋亡或坏死死亡。尽管存在细胞毒性，但碳基纳米材料的免疫效应，例如碳纳米材料诱导的肺巨噬细胞活化和炎症，已得到深入研究。碳纳米材料在激活不同免疫细胞或诱导免疫抑制中的作用也得到了解决。结论：在这里，我们回顾了碳基纳米材料毒理学特征的最新研究成果，重点介绍了碳纳米材料的细胞毒性和免疫学效应。本综述提供了有关碳纳米材料毒理学研究的总体状况、趋势和研究需求的信息。