Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels between particle uptake and target organ responses. While particulate pollution is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, particles are also increasingly used for medical purposes. Over the past decades we have gained considerable experience in how particle properties and particle-bio interactions are linked to human health. This insight is useful for improved risk management in the case of unwanted health effects but also for developing novel medical therapies. The concepts that help us better understand particles’ and fibres’ risks include the fate of particles in the body; exposure, dosimetry and dose-metrics and the 5 Bs: bioavailability, biopersistence, bioprocessing, biomodification and bioclearance of (nano)particles. This includes the role of the biomolecule corona, immunity and systemic responses, non-specific effects in the lungs and other body parts, particle effects and the developing body, and the link from the natural environment to human health. The importance of these different concepts for the human health risk depends not only on the properties of the particles and fibres, but is also strongly influenced by production, use and disposal scenarios. Lessons learned from the past can prove helpful for the future of the field, notably for understanding novel particles and fibres and for defining appropriate risk management and governance approaches.

中文翻译：

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颗粒毒理学与健康——我们在哪里？


颗粒和纤维对人类健康的影响取决于其化学成分、尺寸和形状等特性，但也取决于生物体中颗粒摄取和靶器官反应之间在不同水平上发生的复杂相互作用。虽然颗粒物污染是造成全球疾病负担的主要原因之一，但颗粒物也越来越多地用于医疗目的。在过去的几十年里，我们在颗粒特性和颗粒-生物相互作用如何与人类健康相关方面获得了丰富的经验。这种见解不仅有助于改善对健康造成不良影响的风险管理，而且还有助于开发新的医学疗法。帮助我们更好地理解颗粒和纤维风险的概念包括颗粒在体内的命运；暴露、剂量测定和剂量计量以及 5 B：（纳米）颗粒的生物利用度、生物持久性、生物加工、生物修饰和生物清除。这包括生物分子电晕的作用、免疫和系统反应、肺部和其他身体部位的非特异性效应、颗粒效应和发育中的身体，以及自然环境与人类健康的联系。这些不同概念对人类健康风险的重要性不仅取决于颗粒和纤维的特性，而且还受到生产、使用和处置情况的强烈影响。过去吸取的经验教训对该领域的未来很有帮助，特别是对于理解新型颗粒和纤维以及定义适当的风险管理和治理方法。