Little is known about the exposure levels and adverse health effects of occupational exposure to airplane emissions. Diesel exhaust particles are classified as carcinogenic to humans and jet engines produce potentially similar soot particles. Here, we evaluated the potential occupational exposure risk by analyzing particles from a non-commercial airfield and from the apron of a commercial airport. Toxicity of the collected particles was evaluated alongside NIST standard reference diesel exhaust particles (NIST2975) in terms of acute phase response, pulmonary inflammation, and genotoxicity after single intratracheal instillation in mice. Particle exposure levels were up to 1 mg/m3 at the non-commercial airfield. Particulate matter from the non-commercial airfield air consisted of primary and aggregated soot particles, whereas commercial airport sampling resulted in a more heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds including salt, pollen and soot, reflecting the complex occupational exposure at an apron. The particle contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were similar to the content in NIST2975. Mice were exposed to doses 6, 18 and 54 μg alongside carbon black (Printex 90) and NIST2975 and euthanized after 1, 28 or 90 days. Dose-dependent increases in total number of cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed on day 1 post-exposure for all particles. Lymphocytes were increased for all four particle types on 28 days post-exposure as well as for neutrophil influx for jet engine particles and carbon black nanoparticles. Increased Saa3 mRNA levels in lung tissue and increased SAA3 protein levels in plasma were observed on day 1 post-exposure. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and liver tissue were observed for both particles, at single dose levels across doses and time points. Pulmonary exposure of mice to particles collected at two airports induced acute phase response, inflammation, and genotoxicity similar to standard diesel exhaust particles and carbon black nanoparticles, suggesting similar physicochemical properties and toxicity of jet engine particles and diesel exhaust particles. Given this resemblance as well as the dose-response relationship between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer, occupational exposure to jet engine emissions at the two airports should be minimized.

中文翻译：

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机场排放颗粒：小鼠气管内滴注后的暴露特征和毒性


人们对飞机排放物职业暴露的暴露水平和不利健康影响知之甚少。柴油机废气颗粒被归类为对人类致癌的物质，喷气发动机也可能产生类似的烟灰颗粒。在这里，我们通过分析来自非商业机场和商业机场停机坪的颗粒来评估潜在的职业暴露风险。收集的颗粒的毒性与 NIST 标准参考柴油机尾气颗粒 (NIST2975) 一起在小鼠单次气管内滴注后的急性期反应、肺部炎症和遗传毒性方面进行评估。非商业机场的颗粒物暴露水平高达 1 毫克/立方米。非商业机场空气中的颗粒物由初级和聚集的烟灰颗粒组成，而商业机场采样则产生了更不均匀的有机化合物混合物，包括盐、花粉和烟灰，反映了停机坪上复杂的职业暴露。多环芳烃和金属的颗粒含量与NIST2975中的含量相似。将小鼠暴露于剂量为 6、18 和 54 μg 的炭黑 (Printex 90) 和 NIST2975，并在 1、28 或 90 天后实施安乐死。所有颗粒暴露后第 1 天，观察到支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞总数呈剂量依赖性增加。暴露后 28 天，所有四种颗粒类型的淋巴细胞均增加，喷气发动机颗粒和炭黑纳米颗粒的中性粒细胞流入也增加。暴露后第 1 天观察到肺组织中 Saa3 mRNA 水平增加和血浆中 SAA3 蛋白水平增加。 在不同剂量和时间点的单剂量水平下，观察到这两种颗粒的支气管肺泡灌洗细胞和肝组织中 DNA 链断裂水平增加。小鼠肺部暴露于两个机场收集的颗粒物会引起与标准柴油机尾气颗粒和炭黑纳米颗粒类似的急性期反应、炎症和遗传毒性，这表明喷气发动机颗粒和柴油机尾气颗粒具有相似的物理化学性质和毒性。鉴于这种相似性以及柴油机尾气暴露与肺癌之间的剂量反应关系，两个机场对喷气发动机排放物的职业暴露应尽量减少。