In order for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to manifest, cells must communicate "pathogenic material" such as proteins, signaling molecules, or genetic material to ensue disease propagation. Small extracellular vesicles are produced via the endocytic pathways and released by nearly all cell types, including neurons. Due to their intrinsic interrelationship with endocytic processes and autophagy, there has been increased interest in studying the role of these neuronally-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in the propagation of AD. Pathologic cargo associated with AD have been found in a number of studies, and NDEVs have been shown to induce pathogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous NDEVs are also shown to reduce plaque burden in AD models. Thus, the NDEV has the potential to become a useful biomarker, a pathologic potentiator, and a therapeutic opportunity. While the field of NDEV research in AD is still in its infancy, we review the current literature supporting these three claims.

中文翻译：

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神经源性细胞外囊泡：了解阿尔茨海默氏病的新兴工具。

为了使阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）表现出来，细胞必须传达“致病物质”，例如蛋白质，信号分子或遗传物质，以确保疾病传播。小的细胞外小泡通过内吞途径产生，并被几乎所有细胞类型（包括神经元）释放。由于它们与内吞过程和自噬之间存在内在的相互关系，因此人们对研究这些神经源性细胞外囊泡（NDEV）在AD传播中的作用的兴趣日益浓厚。在许多研究中发现了与AD相关的病理性货物，并且已经显示出NDEV在体内和体外诱导发病机理。还显示了外源NDEV可以减轻AD模型中的斑块负担。因此，NDEV有潜力成为有用的生物标记物，病理增强剂，和治疗机会。虽然AD中的NDEV研究领域仍处于起步阶段，但我们回顾了支持这三种主张的最新文献。