BACKGROUND Rhizosphere microbial communities are key regulators of plant performance, yet few studies have assessed the impact of different management approaches on the rhizosphere microbiomes of major crops. Rhizosphere microbial communities are shaped by interactions between agricultural management and host selection processes, but studies often consider these factors individually rather than in combination. We tested the impacts of management (M) and rhizosphere effects (R) on microbial community structure and co-occurrence networks of maize roots collected from long-term conventionally and organically managed maize-tomato agroecosystems. We also explored the interaction between these factors (M × R) and how it impacts rhizosphere microbial diversity and composition, differential abundance, indicator taxa, co-occurrence network structure, and microbial nitrogen-cycling processes. RESULTS Host selection processes moderate the influence of agricultural management on rhizosphere microbial communities, although bacteria and fungi respond differently to plant selection and agricultural management. We found that plants recruit management-system-specific taxa and shift N-cycling pathways in the rhizosphere, distinguishing this soil compartment from bulk soil. Rhizosphere microbiomes from conventional and organic systems were more similar in diversity and network structure than communities from their respective bulk soils, and community composition was affected by both M and R effects. In contrast, fungal community composition was affected only by management, and network structure only by plant selection. Quantification of six nitrogen-cycling genes (nifH, amoA [bacterial and archaeal], nirK, nrfA, and nosZ) revealed that only nosZ abundance was affected by management and was higher in the organic system. CONCLUSIONS Plant selection interacts with conventional and organic management practices to shape rhizosphere microbial community composition, co-occurrence patterns, and at least one nitrogen-cycling process. Reframing research priorities to better understand adaptive plant-microbe feedbacks and include roots as a significant moderating influence of management outcomes could help guide plant-oriented strategies to improve productivity and agroecosystem sustainability.

中文翻译：

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农业管理和植物选择相互作用影响根际微生物群落结构和氮循环。

背景技术根际微生物群落是植物生长的关键调节因子，但是很少有研究评估不同管理方法对主要农作物根际微生物群落的影响。根际微生物群落是由农业经营和寄主选择过程之间的相互作用所形成的，但研究通常将这些因素单独考虑而不是综合考虑。我们测试了管理（M）和根际效应（R）对从长期常规和有机管理的玉米-番茄农业生态系统中收集的玉米根系微生物群落结构和共现网络的影响。我们还探讨了这些因素（M×R）之间的相互作用，以及它们如何影响根际微生物多样性和组成，差异丰度，指标分类单元，共现网络结构，和微生物氮循环过程。结果寄主选择过程减轻了农业管理对根际微生物群落的影响，尽管细菌和真菌对植物选择和农业管理的反应不同。我们发现植物招募了特定于管理系统的分类单元，并在根际转移了N循环途径，从而将这种土壤区室与散装土壤区分开来。常规和有机系统中的根际微生物群在多样性和网络结构上均比其各自的大块土壤中的群落更相似，并且群落组成受M和R效应的影响。相反，真菌群落组成仅受管理影响，而网络结构仅受植物选择影响。量化六个氮循环基因（nifH，amoA [细菌和古细菌]，nirK，nrfA和nosZ）显示，只有nosZ的丰度受管理影响，并且在有机系统中较高。结论植物选择与常规和有机管理实践相互作用，以塑造根际微生物群落组成，共生模式和至少一个氮循环过程。重新安排研究重点，以更好地理解适应性植物微生物的反馈，并将根源作为管理成果的重要调节影响因素，可以帮助指导以植物为导向的战略，以提高生产力和农业生态系统的可持续性。共生模式和至少一个氮循环过程。重新安排研究重点，以更好地理解适应性植物微生物的反馈，并将根源作为管理成果的重要调节影响因素，可以帮助指导以植物为导向的战略，以提高生产力和农业生态系统的可持续性。共生模式，以及至少一个氮循环过程。重新安排研究重点，以更好地理解适应性植物微生物的反馈，并将根源作为管理成果的重要调节影响因素，可以帮助指导以植物为导向的战略，以提高生产力和农业生态系统的可持续性。