Diabetes is one of the biggest medical challenges worldwide. The key to efficiently treat type 1 diabetes is to accurately inject insulin according to the blood glucose levels. In this study, we aimed to develop an intelligent insulin-releasing gold nanocluster system that responds to environmental glucose concentrations. We employed gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as a novel carrier nanomaterial by taking advantage of their high drug-loading capacity. We prepared AuNCs in the protection of bovine serum albumin, and we decorated AuNCs with 3-aminophenylboronic acid (PBA) as a glucose-responsive factor. Then we grafted insulin onto the surface to obtain the glucose-responsive insulin-releasing system, AuNC-PBA-Ins complex. The AuNC-PBA-Ins complex exhibited high sensitivity to glucose concentration, and rapidly released insulin in high glucose concentration in vitro. In the type 1 diabetic mouse model in vivo, the AuNC-PBA-Ins complex effectively released insulin and regulated blood glucose level in the normoglycemic state for up to 3 days. We successfully developed a phenylboronic acid-functionalized gold nanocluster system (AuNC-PBA-Ins) for responsive insulin release and glucose regulation in type 1 diabetes. This nanocluster system mimics the function of blood glucose regulation of pancreas in the body and may have potential applications in the theranostics of diabetes.

中文翻译：

---

高载药量金纳米簇可有效控制1型糖尿病患者的血糖

糖尿病是全球最大的医学挑战之一。有效治疗1型糖尿病的关键是根据血糖水平准确注射胰岛素。在这项研究中，我们旨在开发一种对环境葡萄糖浓度有反应的智能胰岛素释放金纳米簇系统。我们利用金纳米团簇（AuNCs）作为一种新型载体纳米材料，以利用其高载药量。我们准备了AuNCs来保护牛血清白蛋白，并用3-氨基苯基硼酸（PBA）作为葡萄糖反应因子修饰了AuNCs。然后，我们将胰岛素移植到表面上，以获得葡萄糖反应性胰岛素释放系统AuNC-PBA-Ins复合物。AuNC-PBA-Ins复合物对葡萄糖浓度显示出高度的敏感性，并在高葡萄糖浓度下迅速释放胰岛素。在体内的1型糖尿病小鼠模型中，AuNC-PBA-Ins复合物在正常血糖状态下有效释放胰岛素并调节血糖水平长达3天。我们成功开发了苯硼酸官能化的金纳米簇系统（AuNC-PBA-Ins），用于1型糖尿病的响应性胰岛素释放和葡萄糖调节。该纳米簇系统模拟体内胰腺的血糖调节功能，并且可能在糖尿病治疗学中具有潜在的应用。我们成功开发了苯硼酸官能化的金纳米簇系统（AuNC-PBA-Ins），用于1型糖尿病的响应性胰岛素释放和葡萄糖调节。该纳米簇系统模拟体内胰腺的血糖调节功能，并且可能在糖尿病治疗学中具有潜在的应用。我们成功开发了苯硼酸官能化的金纳米簇系统（AuNC-PBA-Ins），用于1型糖尿病的响应性胰岛素释放和葡萄糖调节。该纳米簇系统模拟体内胰腺的血糖调节功能，并且可能在糖尿病治疗学中具有潜在的应用。