Nanoceria has recently received much attention, because of its widespread biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity, drug/gene delivery systems, anti-diabetic property, and tissue engineering. Nanoceria exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In healthy cells, it acts as an antioxidant by scavenging ROS (at physiological pH). Thus, it protects them, while in cancer cells (under low pH environment) it acts as pro-oxidant by generating ROS and kills them. Nanoceria has also been effectively used as a carrier for targeted drug and gene delivery in vitro and in vivo models. Besides, nanoceria can also act as an antidiabetic agent and confer protection towards diabetes-associated organ pathophysiology via decreasing the ROS level in diabetic subjects. Nanoceria also possesses excellent potential in the field of tissue engineering. In this review, firstly, we have discussed the different methods used for the synthesis of nanoceria as these are very important to control the size, shape and Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio of the particles upon which the physical, chemical, and biological properties depend. Secondly, we have extensively reviewed the different biomedical applications of nanoceria with probable mechanisms based on the literature reports. The outcome of this review will improve the understanding about the different synthetic procedures and biomedical applications of nanoceria, which should, in turn, lead to the design of novel clinical interventions associated with various health disorders.

中文翻译：

---

纳米氧化还原活性纳米颗粒的合成和生物医学应用

Nanoceria 最近受到了广泛关注，因为其广泛的生物医学应用，包括抗菌、抗氧化和抗癌活性、药物/基因传递系统、抗糖尿病特性和组织工程。Nanoceria 通过产生活性氧 (ROS) 对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌表现出优异的抗菌活性。在健康细胞中，它通过清除 ROS（在生理 pH 下）充当抗氧化剂。因此，它可以保护它们，而在癌细胞中（在低 pH 值环境下），它通过产生 ROS 并杀死它们来充当促氧化剂。Nanoceria 还被有效地用作体外和体内模型中靶向药物和基因递送的载体。除了，nanoceria 还可以作为抗糖尿病药物，通过降低糖尿病患者体内的 ROS 水平来保护糖尿病相关器官的病理生理学。Nanoceria 在组织工程领域也具有巨大的潜力。在这篇综述中，首先，我们讨论了用于合成纳米二氧化铈的不同方法，因为这些方法对于控制物理、化学和生物学特性所依赖的粒子的尺寸、形状和 Ce3+/Ce4+ 比率非常重要。其次，我们根据文献报道广泛回顾了纳米陶瓷的不同生物医学应用以及可能的机制。本次审查的结果将提高对纳米陶瓷的不同合成程序和生物医学应用的理解，这反过来又应该，