Super-enhancers (SEs) in a broad range of human cell types are large clusters of enhancers with aberrant high levels of transcription factor binding, which are central to drive expression of genes in controlling cell identity and stimulating oncogenic transcription. Cancer cells acquire super-enhancers at oncogene and cancerous phenotype relies on these abnormal transcription propelled by SEs. Furthermore, specific inhibitors targeting SEs assembly and activation have offered potential targets for treating various tumors including hematological malignancies. Here, we first review the identification, functional significance of SEs. Next, we summarize recent findings of SEs and SE-driven gene regulation in normal hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies. The importance and various modes of SE-mediated MYC oncogene amplification are illustrated. Finally, we highlight the progress of SEs as selective therapeutic targets in basic research and clinical trials. Some open questions regarding functional significance and future directions of targeting SEs in the clinic will be discussed too.

中文翻译：

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超级增强剂：血液系统恶性肿瘤的关键作用和治疗目标。

广泛的人类细胞类型中的超级增强剂（SE）是大型增强子簇，具有异常高水平的转录因子结合，这对于控制基因的表达在控制细胞身份和刺激致癌转录方面起着至关重要的作用。癌细胞在癌基因上获得超级增强子，癌表型依赖于SEs推动的这些异常转录。此外，靶向SEs组装和激活的特异性抑制剂为治疗包括血液系统恶性肿瘤在内的各种肿瘤提供了潜在的靶标。在这里，我们首先回顾SE的识别，功能意义。接下来，我们总结了在正常造血和血液系统恶性肿瘤中SEs和SE驱动的基因调控的最新发现。说明了SE介导的MYC癌基因扩增的重要性和各种模式。最后，我们重点介绍了SEs在基础研究和临床试验中作为选择性治疗靶标的进展。还将讨论一些有关在临床上针对SE的功能重要性和未来方向的未决问题。