Liver cancer, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading cause of cancer mortality globally. Most patients need at least one systemic therapy at different phases of their treatment for HCC. Sorafenib was the first agent shown to improve the survival of patients with advanced HCC. A decade after the approval of sorafenib, most agents failed to improve patient survival more than sorafenib. In recent years, treatment practices have changed, with lenvatinib as another first-line treatment choice and regorafenib, ramucirumab, and cabozantinib as second-line treatment options. Anti-PD-1 antibodies, including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and camrelizumab, have demonstrated promising anti-tumor effects as monotherapy for advanced HCC in phase II clinical trials. The combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-angiogenesis agent has shown more potent anti-tumor effects in early phase clinical trials and is now the hotspot in clinical studies. Furthermore, these agents are investigated in combination treatment with surgery or other loco-regional therapies in patients with early or intermediate-stage HCC.

中文翻译：

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肝细胞癌的新兴药物和治疗方案。


肝癌，主要是肝细胞癌（HCC），是全球癌症死亡的第二大原因。大多数患者在 HCC 治疗的不同阶段需要至少一种全身治疗。索拉非尼是第一个被证明可以改善晚期 HCC 患者生存率的药物。索拉非尼获批十年后，大多数药物未能比索拉非尼更能改善患者的生存率。近年来，治疗实践发生了变化，乐伐替尼成为另一种一线治疗选择，瑞戈非尼、雷莫芦单抗和卡博替尼成为二线治疗选择。抗 PD-1 抗体，包括 nivolumab、pembrolizumab 和 camrelizumab，在 II 期临床试验中已证明作为晚期 HCC 单一疗法具有良好的抗肿瘤作用。抗PD-1抗体与抗血管生成剂的组合在早期临床试验中显示出更有效的抗肿瘤作用，是目前临床研究的热点。此外，这些药物还与手术或其他局部治疗联合治疗早期或中期 HCC 患者进行了研究。