BACKGROUND Given the high global prevalence of physical inactivity, there is a need to design cities that support active modes of transportation. High density diverse neighborhoods with good access networks have been associated with enhanced walking and cycling, but there is a lack of large-scale longitudinal studies utilizing a life course perspective to model residential relocation trajectories. The objectives of the present longitudinal study were to model and visualize residential relocation trajectories between 31 and 46 years of age based on neighborhood density, mixed land use and access networks (DMA), and to assess neighborhood DMA as a predictor of self-reported regular walking and cycling and objectively measured physical activity. METHODS Based on data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (N = 5947), we used self-reported regular walking and cycling and objectively measured physical activity as outcome variables and objectively assessed neighborhood DMA as the main explanatory variable. We conducted sequence analysis to model residential relocation trajectories, and generalized linear mixed models and Fisher's exact test were used to explore longitudinal associations between neighborhood DMA and physical activity. RESULTS Over 80% of the participants lived in a neighborhood with the same level of neighborhood DMA during the follow-up. Relocation occurred more often from higher to lower DMA neighborhoods than reverse. Increased neighborhood DMA was associated with increased regular walking (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05; p = 0.023) and cycling (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.23; p <  0.001). Residential relocation trajectory from lower to highest neighborhood DMA increased the odds of starting regular walking (OR 3.15; 95% CI: 1.50, 7.14; p = 0.001) and cycling (OR 2.63; 95% CI: 1.23, 5.79; p = 0.009) as compared to higher to lower neighborhood DMA trajectory. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly support the hypothesis that increasing urban DMA can enhance regular walking and cycling at population level and so improve public health. The findings have implications for zoning and transportation policies, favoring the creation of dense and diverse neighborhoods with good access networks to support regular walking and cycling.

中文翻译：

---

1966年芬兰北部出生队列中的居民搬迁轨迹和邻里密度，混合土地利用和交通网络是步行和骑自行车的预测指标。

背景技术鉴于全球缺乏体育活动的普遍性，有必要设计支持主动交通方式的城市。高密度多样的社区，拥有良好的交通网络，已经与步行和骑自行车的活动相关联，但缺乏大规模的纵向研究，该研究利用生命过程的角度来模拟居民的迁移轨迹。本纵向研究的目标是根据邻里密度，混合土地利用和访问网络（DMA）对31至46岁之间的住宅搬迁轨迹进行建模和可视化，并评估邻里DMA作为自我报告定期报告的预测指标步行和骑自行车，并客观地测量身体活动。方法根据1966年芬兰北部出生队列（N = 5947）的数据，我们使用自我报告的定期步行和骑自行车，并以客观测量的身体活动为结果变量，并以客观评估的邻里DMA为主要解释变量。我们进行了序列分析，以建模住宅搬迁轨迹，并使用广义线性混合模型和Fisher精确检验来探索邻里DMA与身体活动之间的纵向关联。结果在随访期间，超过80％的参与者居住在具有相同水平的邻里DMA的邻里。重定位发生在从较高DMA邻域到较低DMA邻域的过程中，而不是反向迁移。邻里DMA的增加与规律步行（OR 1.03; 95％CI：1.00，1.05; p = 0.023）和骑自行车（OR 1.17; 95％CI：1.12，1.23; p <0.001）相关。从较低邻域到最高邻域DMA的住宅迁移轨迹增加了开始常规步行（OR 3.15; 95％CI：1.50，7.14; p = 0.001）和骑自行车（OR 2.63; 95％CI：1.23，5.79; p = 0.009）的几率与较高到较低邻域DMA轨迹相比。结论结果强烈支持以下假设：增加城市DMA可以增强人口水平的常规步行和骑自行车，从而改善公共卫生。研究结果对分区和运输政策具有影响，有利于创建密集且多样化的社区，并具有良好的交通网络以支持定期的步行和骑自行车。009）与较高到较低邻域DMA轨迹相比。结论结果强烈支持以下假设：增加城市DMA可以增强人口水平的常规步行和骑自行车，从而改善公共卫生。研究结果对分区和运输政策具有影响，有利于创建密集且多样化的社区，并具有良好的交通网络以支持定期的步行和骑自行车。009）与较高到较低邻域DMA轨迹相比。结论结果强烈支持以下假设：增加城市DMA可以增强人口水平的常规步行和骑自行车，从而改善公共卫生。研究结果对分区和运输政策具有影响，有利于创建密集且多样化的社区，并具有良好的交通网络以支持定期的步行和骑自行车。