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The central nervous system of Oweniidae (Annelida) and its implications for the structure of the ancestral annelid brain
Frontiers in Zoology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-12 , DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0305-1
Patrick Beckers 1 , Conrad Helm 2 , Günter Purschke 3 , Katrine Worsaae 4 , Pat Hutchings 5, 6 , Thomas Bartolomaeus 1
Affiliation  

Recent phylogenomic analyses congruently reveal a basal clade which consists of Oweniidae and Mageloniidae as sister group to the remaining Annelida. These results indicate that the last common ancestor of Annelida was a tube-dwelling organism. They also challenge traditional evolutionary hypotheses of different organ systems, among them the nervous system. In textbooks the central nervous system is described as consisting of a ganglionic ventral nervous system and a dorsally located brain with different tracts that connect certain parts of the brain to each other. Only limited information on the fine structure, however, is available for Oweniidae, which constitute the sister group (possibly together with Magelonidae) to all remaining annelids. The brain of Oweniidae is ring- shaped and basiepidermal. Ganglia, higher brain centers or complex sensory organs do not exist; instead the central nervous system is medullary. Posterior to the brain the ventral medullary cord arises directly from the ventral region of the brain in Myriowenia sp. while in Owenia fusiformis two medullary cords arise perpendicular to the brain ring, extend caudally and fuse posterior. The central nervous system is composed of a central neuropil and surrounding somata of the neurons. According to ultrastructural and histological data only one type of neuron is present in the central nervous system. The central nervous system of Oweniidae is the simplest in terms of enlargement of the dorsal part of the brain and neuron distribution found among Annelida. Our investigation suggests that neither ganglia nor commissures inside the brain neuropil or clusters of polymorphic neurons were present in the annelid stem species. These structures evolved later within Annelida, most likely in the stem lineage of Amphinomidae, Sipuncula and Pleistoannelida. Palps were supposedly present in the last common ancestor of annelids and innervated by two nerves originating in the dorsal part of the brain. A broader comparison with species of each major spiralian clade shows the medullary nervous system to be a common feature and thus possibly representing the ancestral state of the spiralian nervous system. Moreover, ganglia and clusters of polymorphic neurons seemingly evolved independently in the compared taxa of Spiralia and Annelida.

中文翻译:

Oweniidae (Annelida) 的中枢神经系统及其对祖先环节动物大脑结构的影响

最近的系统发育分析一致地揭示了一个由 Oweniidae 和 Mageloniidae 组成的基础进化枝,作为其余 Annelida 的姐妹群。这些结果表明,环节动物的最后一个共同祖先是管栖生物。他们还挑战了不同器官系统的传统进化假设,其中包括神经系统。在教科书中,中枢神经系统被描述为由一个神经节腹侧神经系统和一个位于背部的大脑组成,该大脑具有不同的束,将大脑的某些部分相互连接起来。然而,只有有限的关于精细结构的信息可用于 Oweniidae,它们构成了所有剩余环节动物的姐妹群(可能与 Magelonidae 一起)。Oweniidae 的大脑是环形的和基底表皮的。神经节,不存在更高的大脑中心或复杂的感觉器官;相反,中枢神经系统是髓质的。在大脑后部,腹侧髓索直接来自 Myriowenia sp。而在梭形欧文氏菌中,两条髓索垂直于脑环出现,向尾侧延伸并向后融合。中枢神经系统由中枢神经细胞和周围的神经元胞体组成。根据超微结构和组织学数据,中枢神经系统中只有一种神经元。Oweniidae 的中枢神经系统是最简单的,因为在 Annelida 中发现了大脑背部的扩大和神经元分布。我们的调查表明,在环节动物茎物种中既不存在神经节,也不存在脑神经细胞内的神经节或多态神经元簇。这些结构后来在 Annelida 内部进化,最有可能在 Amphinomidae、Sipuncula 和 Pleistoannellida 的茎谱系中进化。据推测,触须存在于环节动物的最后一个共同祖先中,并由起源于大脑背部的两条神经支配。与每个主要螺旋进化枝的物种进行更广泛的比较表明,髓质神经系统是一个共同特征,因此可能代表螺旋神经系统的祖先状态。此外,神经节和多态神经元簇似乎在螺旋藻和环节动物的比较分类群中独立进化。这些结构后来在 Annelida 内部进化,最有可能在 Amphinomidae、Sipuncula 和 Pleistoannellida 的茎谱系中进化。据推测,触须存在于环节动物的最后一个共同祖先中,并由起源于大脑背部的两条神经支配。与每个主要螺旋进化枝的物种进行更广泛的比较表明,髓质神经系统是一个共同特征,因此可能代表螺旋神经系统的祖先状态。此外,神经节和多态神经元簇似乎在螺旋藻和环节动物的比较分类群中独立进化。这些结构后来在 Annelida 内部进化,最有可能在 Amphinomidae、Sipuncula 和 Pleistoannellida 的茎谱系中进化。据推测,触须存在于环节动物的最后一个共同祖先中,并由起源于大脑背部的两条神经支配。与每个主要螺旋进化枝的物种进行更广泛的比较表明,髓质神经系统是一个共同特征,因此可能代表螺旋神经系统的祖先状态。此外,神经节和多态神经元簇似乎在螺旋藻和环节动物的比较分类群中独立进化。与每个主要螺旋进化枝的物种进行更广泛的比较表明,髓质神经系统是一个共同特征,因此可能代表螺旋神经系统的祖先状态。此外,神经节和多态神经元簇似乎在螺旋藻和环节动物的比较分类群中独立进化。与每个主要螺旋进化枝的物种进行更广泛的比较表明,髓质神经系统是一个共同特征,因此可能代表螺旋神经系统的祖先状态。此外,神经节和多态神经元簇似乎在螺旋藻和环节动物的比较分类群中独立进化。
更新日期:2019-03-12
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