The transition to a sustainable future challenges the current energy grids with the integration of variable, distributed renewable energy sources. On a technical level, multi-energy systems may provide the necessary flexibility to minimise the gap between demand and supply. Suitable methods and tools are necessary to derive relevant results and to support a transition to renewable energy sources. While several, dedicated tools to model grids and infrastructure of single-energy carriers exist, there are no tools capable of modelling multi-energy systems in detail. Thus, this paper presents the necessary aspects to consider when modelling grid-based multi-energy systems, presents three open source frameworks for modelling grid-based energy systems and points out the major challenges. The current main aspects and challenges for modelling grid-based energy systems are derived from a literature review. Three open source multi-energy modelling frameworks (Calliope, oemof, urbs) are presented, and the extent to which they consider these aspects and how they tackle challenges is analysed. We identified five general energy system modelling aspects (modelling scope, model formulation, spatial coverage, time horizon, data) and three aspects specific to modelling energy grids (level of detail, spatial resolution, temporal resolution). While the specific aspects mainly influence the representation of the technical parts of the energy system and the computational effort, the general aspects primarily relate to the system boundaries and scope of the model. For the evaluation of the modelling results, we identified several assessment criteria, including economic, energetic, exergetic and reliability. Each of the studied open source modelling frameworks provides generic capabilities to model energy converters, and the electricity, gas and district heat networks. However, the general and specific aspects present respective challenges. Relating to the general aspects, complexity of model formulation increases when including additional boundary conditions. The accuracy of the results is also dependent on data quality. Temporal and spatial resolutions are the major specific challenges for modelling the energy infrastructure. There is still a broad field of opportunities for researchers to contribute to grid-based energy system modelling. This encompasses especially the consideration of short- and long-term dynamics of renewable energy sources in planning models.

中文翻译：

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基于网格的多能源系统-建模，评估，开源建模框架和挑战

向可持续未来的过渡通过集成可变的分布式可再生能源，对当前的能源网格提出了挑战。在技​​术层面上，多能源系统可以提供必要的灵活性，以最大程度地减少需求与供应之间的差距。需要适当的方法和工具来得出相关结果并支持向可再生能源的过渡。虽然存在几种专用的工具来对单能量载体的电网和基础设施进行建模，但尚无能够对多能量系统进行详细建模的工具。因此，本文提出了在建模基于网格的多能源系统时要考虑的必要方面，提出了三种用于建模基于网格的能源系统的开源框架，并指出了主要的挑战。当前基于网格的能源系统建模的主要方面和挑战来自文献综述。介绍了三个开源多能量建模框架（Calliope，oemof，urbs），并分析了它们考虑这些方面的程度以及如何应对挑战。我们确定了能源系统建模的五个方面（建模范围，模型制定，空间覆盖范围，时间范围，数据）和能源网格建模的三个特定方面（详细程度，空间分辨率，时间分辨率）。尽管特定方面主要影响能源系统技术部分的表示形式和计算工作量，但一般方面主要涉及系统边界和模型范围。为了评估建模结果，我们确定了一些评估标准，包括经济，精力充沛，精力充沛和可靠性。每个研究的开放源代码建模框架都提供了对能量转换器以及电力，天然气和区域热网进行建模的通用功能。然而，一般和特定方面提出了各自的挑战。关于一般方面，当包括其他边界条件时，模型制定的复杂性会增加。结果的准确性还取决于数据质量。时间和空间分辨率是对能源基础设施进行建模的主要特定挑战。研究人员仍然有广泛的机会为基于网格的能源系统建模做出贡献。