There have been notable joint efforts from the private and public sectors in promoting households’ access to clean and efficient energy sources. Despite the noteworthy progress realized over the years, the consumption and reliance on clean energy sources are reportedly low. This scenario is evident among households practicing multiple energy use, whereby energy proportions consumed from the clean energy sources are much lower compared to non-clean energy sources. As such, reliance on non-clean energy has greatly hindered the projected welfare and productive gains that comes along with access to clean energy sources. To understand households’ energy consumption behavior, this study takes into consideration that energy preference (choice) and intensity (proportions consumed) are two independent decisions. Therefore, a succinct understanding of the factors affecting these decisions acts as a basis for an optimal transition to clean energy sources. The study utilized a nationally representative cross-sectional household dataset (3663 households) across Kenya. A series of diagnostic and specification tests were carried out so as to identify the most suitable estimation technique in achieving the underlying objectives of the study. The preference for Cragg’s double-hurdle model was premised on the fact that the model postulates that households must pass two separate hurdles before a positive level of consuption is observed. Maximum likelihood estimations were derived, followed by the marginal effects for the probability of participation and consumption intensity (conditional and unconditional) to unveil the effects of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Results show the diversity in magnitude and direction of how various factors affect the preference and consumption intensity among households. For instance, households’ energy preference and consumption intensity are predominantly affected by location (rural or urban), household’s decision maker on energy use, education level, age of the household head, and the average monthly income. In this regard, the promotion of clean energy use should target households in rural areas and households with lower level of education and lower income brackets. Uptake of clean energy sources such as liquefied petroleum gas should be encouraged among rural and urban poor households through reducing the upfront cost of acquiring cylinders and the refilling costs.

中文翻译：

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肯尼亚家庭的能源偏好和消费强度

私营和公共部门在促进家庭获得清洁和高效能源方面做出了显着的共同努力。尽管多年来取得了令人瞩目的进步，但据报道，其对清洁能源的消耗和依赖程度很低。这种情况在使用多种能源的家庭中很明显，因此与非清洁能源相比，清洁能源消耗的能源比例要低得多。因此，对非清洁能源的依赖极大地阻碍了获得清洁能源所带来的预期福利和生产收益。为了理解家庭的能源消费行为，本研究考虑了能源偏好（选择）和强度（消费比例）是两个独立的决定。所以，对影响这些决定的因素的简洁理解，是向清洁能源最佳过渡的基础。这项研究利用了肯尼亚全国代表性的横断面家庭数据集（3663户）。进行了一系列诊断和规格测试，以便确定实现研究基本目标的最合适的估算技术。选择Cragg的双关卡模型的前提是，该模型假定在观察到积极的消费水平之前，家庭必须通过两个独立的关卡。得出最大似然估计，其次是参与概率和消费强度（有条件的和无条件的）的边际效应，以揭示解释变量对因变量的影响。结果表明，各种因素如何影响家庭的偏好和消费强度的程度和方向各不相同。例如，家庭的能源偏好和消费强度主要受地理位置（农村或城市），家庭能源使用的决策者，教育水平，户主年龄和平均月收入的影响。在这方面，促进清洁能源的使用应针对农村地区的家庭以及教育水平较低和收入水平较低的家庭。